Currencies

Executive Summary For the first time in a decade, it is much less attractive to buy than to rent a home. In both the UK and US, the mortgage rate is now almost double the average rental yield. To reset the equilibrium between buying and renting a home, either mortgage rates must come down by around 150 bps, or house prices must suffer a large double-digit correction. Or some combination, such as mortgage rates down 100 bps and house prices down 10 percent. In the US, a 10-year upcycle in housing investment has resulted in overinvestment relative to the number of households.  Falling house prices coming hot on the heels of a combined stock and bond market crash will unleash a deflationary impulse in 2023, which will return economies to 2 percent inflation. This reiterates our ‘2022-23 = 1981-82’ template for the markets. A coordinated global recession will cause bond prices to enter a sustained rally in 2023, in which the 30-year T-bond yield will fall to sub-2.5 percent. Meanwhile, the S&P 500 will test 3500, or even 3200, before a strong rally will lift it through 5000 later in 2023. It Now Costs Twice As Much To Buy Than To Rent A UK Home! Bottom Line: Falling house prices coming hot on the heels of a combined stock and bond market crash will unleash a deflationary impulse in 2023, which will return economies to 2 percent inflation. Feature Mortgage rates around the world have skyrocketed. The UK 5-year fixed mortgage rate which started the year at under 2 percent has more than doubled to over 5 percent. And the US 30-year mortgage rate, which began the year at 3 percent, now stands at an eyewatering 7 percent, its highest level since the US housing bubble burst in 2008. This raises a worrying spectre. Is the recent surge in mortgage rates about to trigger another housing crash? (Chart I-1 and Chart I-2). Chart I-1UK Mortgage Rate Has Doubled Chart I-2US Mortgage Rate Has Doubled A good way to answer the question is to compare the cashflow costs of buying versus renting a home. This is because home prices are set by the volume of homebuyers versus home-sellers. If would-be homebuyers decide to rent rather than to buy – because renting gets them ‘more house’ – then it will drag down home prices. Here’s the concern. For the first time in a decade, it is much less attractive to buy than to rent a home. In both the UK and US, the mortgage rate is now almost double the average rental yield. Put another way, whatever your monthly housing budget, you can now rent a home worth twice as much as you can buy (Chart I-3 and Chart I-4). Chart I-3It Now Costs Twice As Much To Buy Than To Rent A UK Home! Chart I-4It Now Costs Twice As Much To Buy Than To Rent A US Home! The Universal Theory Of House Prices Buying and renting a home are not the same thing, so the head-to-head comparison between the mortgage rate and rental yield is a simplification. Buying and renting are similar in that they both provide you with somewhere to live, a roof over your head or, in economic jargon, the consumption service called ‘shelter’. But there are two big differences. First, unlike renting, buying a home also provides you with an investment whose value you expect to increase in the long run. Second, unlike renting, buying a home incurs you the costs of maintaining it and keeping it up-to-date. Studies show that the annual cost averages around 2 percent of the value of the home.1 So, versus renting, buying a home provides you with an expected capital appreciation, but incurs you a ‘depreciation’ cost of around 2 percent a year. Which results in the following equilibrium between buying and renting: Mortgage rate = Rental yield + Expected house price appreciation - 2 But we can simplify this. In the long run, the price of any asset must trend in line with its income stream. Therefore, expected house price appreciation equates to expected rental growth. Also, rents move in lockstep with wages (Chart I-5). Understandably so, because rents must be paid from wages. And wage growth itself just equals consumer price inflation plus productivity growth, which averages around 1 percent (Chart I-6). Pulling all of this together, the equilibrium simplifies to: Chart I-5Rents Track Wages Chart I-6Rent Inflation = Wage Inflation = Consumer Price Inflation + 1 Mortgage rate = Rental yield + Expected consumer price inflation - 1 So, here’s our first conclusion. Assuming central banks achieve their long-term inflation target of 2 percent, the equilibrium becomes: Mortgage rate = Rental yield + 1 Under this assumption, to justify the current UK rental yield of 3 percent, the UK mortgage rate must plunge to 4 percent. But given that the government has just triggered an incipient balance of payments and currency crisis, the mortgage rate is likely to head even higher. In which case the rental yield must rise to at least 4 percent. Meaning either house prices falling 25 percent, or rents rising 33 percent. Meanwhile, to justify the current US rental yield of 3.7 percent, the US mortgage rate must plunge to 4.7 percent. Alternatively, to justify the current mortgage rate of 7 percent, the rental yield must surge to 6 percent. Meaning either house prices crashing 40 percent, or rents surging 60 percent. More likely though, all variables will correct. The equilibrium between buying and renting will be re-established by some combination of lower mortgage rates, lower house prices, and higher rents. The Housing Investment Cycle Is Turning Down The relationship between buying and renting a home raises an obvious counterargument. What if central banks cannot achieve their goal of price stability? In this case, expected inflation in the equilibrium would be considerably higher than 2 percent. This would justify a much higher mortgage rate for a given rental yield. Put differently, it would justify rental yields to stay structurally low (house prices to stay structurally high), even if mortgage rates marched higher. In an inflationary environment, houses would become the perfect foils against inflation. In an inflationary environment, houses would become the perfect foils against inflation because expected rental growth would track inflation – allowing rental yields to stay depressed versus much higher mortgage rates. This is precisely what happened in the 1970s. When the US mortgage rate peaked at 18 percent in 1981, the US rental yield barely got above 6 percent (Chart I-7). Chart I-7In The Inflationary 70s, The Rental Yield Remained Well Below The Mortgage Rate... If the market fears another such inflationary episode, would it make the housing market a good investment? In the near term, the answer is still no, for two reasons. First, even if rental yields do not track mortgage rates higher point for point, the yields do tend to move in the same direction – especially when mortgage rates surge as they did in the 1970s (Chart I-8). Some of this increase in rental yields might come from higher rents, but some of it might also come from lower house prices. Chart I-8...But Even In The 70s, The Rental Yield And Mortgage Rate Moved Directionally Together Second, based on the US, it is a bad time in the housing investment cycle. Theoretically and empirically, residential fixed investment tracks the number of households in the economy. But there are perpetual cycles of underinvestment and overinvestment – the most spectacular being the overinvestment boom that preceded the 2007-08 housing crisis. US housing investment has just experienced a 10-year upcycle in which it has overshot its relationship with the number of households. Therefore, contrary to the popular perception, there is not an undersupply of homes, but a marked oversupply relative to the number of households. (Chart I-9). This is important because, as the cycle turns down now – as it did in 1973, 1979, 1990, and 2007 – the preceding overinvestment always weighs down housing valuations (Chart I-10). Chart I-9The US Housing Investment Cycle Has Moved Into Overinvestment Chart I-10A Housing Investment Downcycle Always Weighs On Housing Valuations The Investment Conclusions Let’s sum up. If the market believes that economies will return to price stability, then to reset the equilibrium between buying and renting a home, either mortgage rates must come down by around 150 bps, or house prices must suffer a large double-digit correction. Or some combination, such as mortgage rates down 100 bps and house prices down 10 percent. If the market believes that economies will not return to price stability, then house prices are still near-term vulnerable to rising mortgage rates – especially in the US, as a 10-year upcycle in housing investment has resulted in overinvestment relative to the number of households.  US housing investment has just experienced a 10-year upcycle in which it has overshot its relationship with the number of households. Falling house prices coming hot on the heels of a combined stock and bond market crash will unleash a deflationary impulse in 2023, which will return economies to 2 percent inflation – even if the markets do not believe it now. This reiterates our ‘2022-23 = 1981-82’ template for the markets, as recently explained in Markets Still Echoing 1981-82, So Here’s What Happens Next. In summary, a coordinated global recession will cause bond prices to enter a sustained rally in 2023, in which the 30-year T-bond yield will fall to sub-2.5 percent. Meanwhile, the S&P 500 will test 3500, or even 3200, before a strong rally will lift it through 5000 later in 2023. Analysing The Pound’s Crash Through A Fractal Lens Finally, the incipient balance of payments and sterling crisis triggered by the UK government’s unfunded tax cuts has collapsed the 65-day fractal structure of the pound (Chart I-11). This would be justified if the Bank of England does not lean against the fiscal laxness with a compensating tighter monetary policy. But if, as we expect, monetary policy adjusts as a short-term counterbalance, then sterling will experience a temporary, but playable, countertrend bounce. Chart I-11The Pound Usually Turns When Its Fractal Structure Has Collapsed On this assumption, a recommended tactical trade, with a maximum holding period of 65 days, is to go long GBP/CHF, setting a profit target and symmetrical stop-loss at 4 percent. Chart 1Hungarian Bonds Are Oversold Chart 2Copper's Tactical Rebound Maybe Over Chart 3US REITS Are Oversold Versus Utilities Chart 4FTSE100 Outperformance Vs. Euro Stoxx 50 Is Vulnerable Chart 5Netherlands' Underperformance Vs. Switzerland Has Ended Chart 6The Sell-Off In The 30-Year T-Bond At Fractal Fragility Chart 7Food And Beverage Outperformance Is Exhausted Chart 8German Telecom Outperformance Has Started Is Fragile Chart 9Japanese Telecom Outperformance Vulnerable To Reversal Chart 10The Strong Trend In The 18-Month-Out US Interest Rate Future Is Fragile Chart 11The Strong Downtrend In The 3 Year T-Bond Is Fragile Chart 12The Outperformance Of Tobacco Vs. Cannabis Is Fragile Chart 13Biotech Is A Major Buy Chart 14Norway's Outperformance Has Ended Chart 15Cotton Versus Platinum Has Reversed Chart 16Switzerland's Outperformance Vs. Germany Is Exhausted Chart 17USD/EUR Is Vulnerable To Reversal Chart 18The Outperformance Of MSCI Hong Kong Versus China Has Ended Chart 19US Utilities Outperformance Vulnerable To Reversal Chart 20The Outperformance Of Oil Versus Banks Is Exhausted Dhaval Joshi Chief Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1 The Rate of Return on Everything, 1870–2015 (frbsf.org) Fractal Trading System Fractal Trades 6-12 Month Recommendations 6-12 MONTH RECOMMENDATIONS EXPIRE AFTER 15 MONTHS, IF NOT CLOSED EARLIER. Structural Recommendations Closed Fractal Trades Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart II-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Euro Area Chart II-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Europe Ex Euro Area Chart II-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Asia Chart II-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields - Other Developed   Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-5Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-6Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-7Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart II-8Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations  

Executive Summary Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues In this report, we discuss our move last week to shift to a below-benchmark overall global duration stance in more detail. Our strongest conviction view on developed market government bonds is underweighting US Treasuries. The outcome of last week’s FOMC meeting, where the Fed committed to a rapid shift to restrictive US monetary policy, supports that position. Our strongest conviction overweight is on Japan, with the Bank of Japan both willing and able to maintain its cap on longer-term JGB yields. We are also overweight countries where it will be difficult for central banks to lift rates as much as markets expect – core Europe, Australia and Canada. The explosion in UK bond yields, and collapse of the British pound, seen after last week’s UK “mini-budget” shows that investors have not lost the power to punish fiscal and monetary policies that are non-credible - like a massive debt-financed tax cut at a time of high inflation. As a result, the Bank of England will now be forced to raise rates much more than we had been expecting, and Gilts will remain extremely volatile in the near-term. Bottom Line: Maintain a below-benchmark overall duration stance in global bond portfolios. Stay underweight US Treasuries. Upgrade exposure to government bonds in Japan and Canada to overweight, but tactically downgrade UK Gilts to underweight until a more market-friendly policy mix leads to greater stability of the British pound. Feature We shifted our recommended stance on overall global portfolio duration to below-benchmark in a Special Alert published last week. In this report, we go into the rationale for that move in more detail, and present specific details of that shift in terms of allocations by country across the various yield curves. Related Report  Global Fixed Income StrategyReduce Global Portfolio Duration To Below-Benchmark The global inflation and monetary policy backdrops remain toxic for bond markets. Last week saw interest rate increases from multiple developed economy central banks, including the Fed and Bank of England (BoE). The magnitudes of the rate hikes unnerved bond investors, with even the likes of perennial low yielders like the Swiss National Bank and Riksbank lifting rates by 75bps and 100bps, respectively. The Fed followed up its own 75bp hike by digging in its heels on the need for additional policy tightening after the 300bps of hikes already delivered this year (Chart 1). Fed Chair Jerome Powell strongly hinted that a policy-induced US recession is likely the only way to return overshooting US inflation back to the Fed’s 2% target. This triggered a breakout of the benchmark US 10-year Treasury yield above 3.5%. But the real fireworks in global bond markets occurred after the UK government announced its “mini-budget” last Friday that included massive tax cuts to be funded by debt issuance, triggering a sharp decline in the British Pound and spike in UK Gilt yields – a move that spilled over into other bond markets, pushing government bond yields to cyclical highs in the US and euro area. Chart 1Central Banks Keep Trying To “Out-Hawk” Each Other Chart 2Yields Are Now Driven By Rate Hike Expectations, Not Inflation We had been anticipating another move upward in global bond yields for this cycle, and we shifted to a below-benchmark overall global duration stance in advance of the Fed and BoE meetings last week. We see this next move higher in yields as being driven not by rising inflation expectations but by an upward repricing of interest rate expectations, leading to additional increases in real bond yields (Chart 2). Trying to pick a top in bond yields has now become a game of forecasting the level to which policy rates must rise in the current global monetary tightening cycle. On that front, there is still scope for rate expectations, and bond yields, to move higher in most developed market countries, justifying our downgrade of our recommended overall duration exposure to below-benchmark. Shifting rate expectations also lead to the changes in country bond allocations we announced last week. Rate Expectations And Country Bond Allocations Our proxy for medium-term nominal terminal rate expectations in developed market countries, the 5-year/5-year forward overnight index swap (OIS) rate, has been tracking 10-year bond yields very closely in the US and UK and, to a lesser extent, Europe (Chart 3). In those regions, the OIS curves are pricing in an increasing medium-term level of policy rates, leading to markets repricing government bond yields higher. In the US, the OIS curve is pricing in a 2023 peak for the fed funds rate of 4.67%, but with only a modest path of rate cuts in 2024 and 2025, leading to a 5-year/5-year OIS projection of 3.36% as of Monday’s market close. After the Gilt market rout, the UK OIS curve is now pricing in a 2023 peak Bank Rate over 6%, with our medium-term nominal rate proxy settling at 3.69%. In the euro area, the OIS curve is discounting a 2023 peak in the ECB policy rate of 3.22%, with a 5-year/5-year forward OIS rate of 2.7%. For all three of those regions, the market is now pricing in the highest peak in rates for the current tightening cycle. That is not the case in Canada or Australia, where rate expectations and longer-term bond yields are still below cyclical peaks (Chart 4). Japan remains the outlier, with the Bank of Japan’s yield curve control keeping 10-year JGB yields capped at 0.25%, even with the Japan OIS curve pricing in a medium-term terminal rate of 0.75%. Chart 3Rising Yields Reflect Higher Terminal Rate Expectations Chart 4Our High-Conviction Government Bond Overweights After looking at all the repricing of interest rate expectations and bond yields, we can determine our preferred government bond allocations within our strategic model bond portfolio framework. The US Remains Our Favorite Government Bond Underweight The new set of interest rate forecasts (“the dots”) presented at last week’s Fed meeting showed that the median FOMC member was forecasting the fed funds rate to rise to 4.4% by the end of 2022 and 4.6% by the end of 2023, before falling to 3.9% and 2.9% and the end of 2024 and 2025, respectively. Those are all significant increases from the June dots, where the expectations called for the funds rate to hit 3.4% by end-2022 and 3.8% by end-2023. The median Fed forecasts are now broadly in line with the pricing in the US OIS curve for 2022-2024, although the market expects higher rates than the FOMC in 2025 (Chart 5). Chart 5USTs Still Vulnerable To Additional Fed Hawkish Surprises There has been a lot of back and forth between the Fed and the markets this year, but the market has generally lagged the Fed interest rate projections for 2023 and 2024 before last week. Market pricing is now in line with the Fed dots, as investors have adjusted to the increasingly hawkish message from Fed officials that are focused solely on slowing growth, and tightening financial conditions, in an effort to bring US inflation down. We see the US Treasury curve as still vulnerable to additional hawkish messaging from the Fed, and a potentially higher-than-anticipated peak in the funds rate versus the FOMC dots. The US consumer is facing a lot of headwinds from higher interest rates and rising food and gasoline prices. However, the latter has fallen 26% from the June 13/2022 peak and is acting as a “tax cut” that also helps reduce US inflation expectations (Chart 6). Consumer confidence measures like the University of Michigan expectations survey have already shown improvement alongside the fall in gas prices, which has boosted real income expectations according to the New York Fed’s Consumer Survey (bottom panel). Even a subtle improvement in consumer confidence due to some easing of inflation expectations can help support a somewhat faster pace of consumer spending at a time of robust labor demand and accelerating wage growth. The Atlanta Fed Wage Tracker is now growing at a year-over-year pace of 5.7%, while the ratio of US job openings to unemployed workers remains near a record high (Chart 7). Fed Chair Powell has noted that the Fed must see significant weakening of the US jobs market for the Fed to consider pausing on its current rate hike path. So far, there is little evidence pointing to a loosening of US labor market conditions that would ease domestically-generated inflation pressures. Chart 6Lower Gas Prices Can Provide A Lift To US Consumer Spending Chart 7A Tight US Labor Market Will Keep The Fed Hawkish Chart 8Stay Underweight US Treasuries We expect overall US inflation to decelerate next year on the back of additional slowing of goods inflation, but will likely settle in the 3-4% range in 2023 given stubbornly sticky services inflation and wage growth. The Fed should follow through on its current interest rate projections, with a good chance that rates will need to be pushed up even higher in response to resilient labor market conditions in the first half of 2023. The risk/reward still favors higher US Treasury yields over at least the next 3-6 months, particularly with an improving flow of US data surprises and with bond investor duration positioning now much closer to neutral according to the JPMorgan client survey (Chart 8). Bottom Line: The US remains our highest conviction strategic government bond underweight in the developed markets. Recommended Allocations In Other Countries The path for monetary policy rates outside the US shows a similar profile as in the US, with a “front loading” of rate hikes to mid-2023 followed by modest rate cuts over the subsequent two years (Chart 9). The OIS-implied path for the level of rates is nearly identical in the US, Australia and Canada. On the other hand, markets are discounting much lower of levels of policy rates in Europe and Japan compared to the US, and a considerably higher path for rates in the UK (more on that in the next section). Chart 9Markets Priced For Global 'Front-Loaded' Rate Hikes We would lean against the US-like pricing of interest rates in Australia and Canada. Based on work we published in a recent Special Report along with our colleagues at BCA Research European Investment Strategy, the neutral real interest rate (“r-star”) is estimated to be deeply negative in Australia and Canada after adjusting for the high level of non-financial debt in those countries (Table 1). That financial fragility makes it much less likely that the Bank of Canada and Reserve Bank of Australia can raise rates as much as the Fed. Table 1Some Big Swings In Our R* Estimates When Including Debt US-like interest rates would almost certainly trigger a major downturn in house prices and household wealth given the inflated housing values in those two countries – the growth of which is already slowing rapidly in response to rate hikes delivered in 2022. We are maintaining our overweight recommendation on Australian government bonds, while we upgraded Canada to overweight from neutral after last week’s duration downgrade. Chart 10Move To Overweight Japan We are also staying overweight on German and French government bonds, as the ECB is unlikely to deliver the full extent of rate increases discounted in the European OIS curve. Our estimated debt-adjusted r-star is also quite negative in the euro area, suggesting that financial fragility issues (due to high government debt in Italy and high corporate debt in France) will likely limit the ECB’s ability to continue with recent chunky rate increases for much longer. In Japan, we continue to view JGBs as an “anti-duration” instrument, given the Bank of Japan’s persistence in maintaining negative interest rates and yield curve control. That makes JGBs a good overweight when global bond yields are rising and a good underweight when global bond yields are falling (Chart 10). Given our decision to reduce our recommended duration exposure to below-benchmark, the logical follow through decision is to upgrade JGBs to overweight. The only remaining country to consider is our view on UK Gilts, which has now become more complicated. Anarchy In The UK The selloff in the UK Gilt market has been stunning in its ferocity. Dating back to last Thursday’s 50bp rate hike by the BoE, the 10-year UK Gilt yield has jumped 120bps and now sits at 4.52%. The increase in yields was identical at the front-end of the Gilt curve, with the 2-year yield jumping 120bps to 4.68%.  The surge in longer-term Gilt yields stands out to the rise in bond yields seen outside the UK, as it also incorporates an increase in our estimate of the UK term premium – a move that was not matched in other countries (Chart 11). The rise in Gilt yields was also much more concentrated in real yields compared to inflation expectations (Chart 12), as markets aggressively repriced the path for UK policy rates after the UK government’s announced debt-financed fiscal package, including £45bn of tax cuts. Chart 11Upward Repricing Of Bond Yields Continues Chart 12The Gilt Market Becomes Unhinged The UK’s National Institute for Economic And Social Research (NIESR) estimates that the combined impact of the tax cuts and additional spending measures would increase the UK government deficit by a whopping £150bn, or 5% of GDP. The NIESR also estimated that the fiscal measures, including the previously-announced plan for the UK government to cap energy price increases, would result in positive UK GDP growth in the 4th quarter and also lift annual real GDP growth to 2% over 2023-24. The UK government now faces a major credibility issue with markets on its announced fiscal plans. The sheer size of the package, coming at a time when the US economy was already operating at full employment with high inflation, invites a greater than expected monetary policy tightening response from the BoE. The UK OIS curve now forecasts a peak in rates of 6.3% in October 2023, up from the current 2.25%. That would be a massive move in rates in just one year from a central bank that has been relatively gun shy in lifting rates since the 2008 financial crisis, even during the current inflation overshoot. New UK Prime Minister Liz Truss, and her new Chancellor of the Exchequer Kwasi Kwarteng, have both noted they would prefer a mix of looser fiscal policy (aimed at boosting the supply side of the economy to lift potential growth) with tighter monetary policy that would prevent asset bubbles and inflation overshoots. While there is certainly merit in any plan designed to boost medium-term growth by lifting anemic UK productivity through supply-side reforms, the timing of the announcement could not have been worse. Just one day earlier, the BoE announced a plan to go forward with the sale of Gilts from its balance sheet accumulated during quantitative easing. The Truss government needs to find buyers for all the Gilts that must be issued to pay for the tax cuts and stimulus, but the BoE will not be one of them. In the end, however, the BoE’s expected path for interest rates matters more than the increase in Gilt supply in determining the level of Gilt yields and the slope of the Gilt curve. The NIESR estimates that the UK public debt/GDP ratio will rise to 92% by 2024-25, versus its pre-budget forecast of 88%. While that is a meaningful increase, the correlation between the debt/GDP ratio and the slope of the Gilt curve has been negative for the past few years (Chart 13, top panel). The stronger relationship is between the slope of the curve and the level of the BoE base rate (bottom panel), which is pointing to an inversion of the 2-year/30-year curve if the BoE follows market pricing and lifts rates to 6%. Our view dating back to the early summer was that a low neutral interest rate would prevent the BoE from lifting rates as much as markets were discounting without causing a deep recession, lower inflation and, eventually, a quick reversal of rate hikes. The huge UK fiscal stimulus package changes that calculus, as the nominal neutral rate that will be needed to bring UK inflation back to target is likely now much higher. We have always believed that when a thesis underlying an investment recommendation is challenged by new information, it is best to adjust the recommendation to reflect the new facts. Thus, this week, we are tactically downgrading UK Gilts to underweight in our model bond portfolio framework. We still see a significant medium-term opportunity to go overweight Gilts, as UK policy rates pushing into the 4-6% range are not sustainable. However, the BoE will likely have no choice to begin lifting rates at a much more aggressive pace to restore UK policy credibility, especially with the British pound under immense selling pressure (Chart 14). Despite rumors of an inter-meeting rate hike by the BoE this week to try and support the pound, that is likely too risky a step for the BoE to take as it would invite a battle with investors and currency speculators. Such a battle would be difficult to win without a more credible and market-friendly medium-term fiscal policy from the Truss government. Chart 13The BoE Matters More Than Debt Levels For Gilts Chart 14Tactically Move To Underweight UK Gilts   Bottom Line: We will review our UK Gilt stance once there are more clear signals of stability in the pound, but for now, we will step aside and limit our recommended exposure to Gilts – even after the huge selloff seen to date, which likely has more to go. Summarizing All The Changes In Our Model Bond Portfolio All the changes to our recommended duration exposure and country allocations after the past week, including the new weightings in our model bond portfolio, are shown in the tables on pages 14-16. To summarize: We moved the overall recommended global duration exposure to below-benchmark, and shifted the model bond portfolio duration to 0.9 years below that of the custom benchmark index. We increased the size of the US Treasury underweight, and moved Canada and Japan to overweight. We moved the UK to underweight, on top of the reduction in UK duration exposure that was part of last week’s move to reduce overall portfolio duration. We are also cutting exposure to UK investment grade corporates to underweight, as part of an overall move to reduce UK risk in the portfolio. We slightly increased the overweight in Germany. In next week’s report, we will present the quarterly performance review of our model bond portfolio and, more importantly, we will present out scenario-based return expectations after all the changes made this week. Robert Robis, CFA Chief Fixed Income Strategist rrobis@bcaresearch.com     GFIS Model Bond Portfolio Recommended Positioning     Active Duration Contribution: GFIS Recommended Portfolio Vs. Custom Performance Benchmark The GFIS Recommended Portfolio Vs. The Custom Benchmark Index Global Fixed Income - Strategic Recommendations* Cyclical Recommendations (6-18 Months)

Executive Summary The USD has appreciated by over 25% since the beginning of 2021. This is a negative for US corporate sales and profits and is a drag on US equity performance. According to BCA FX strategists, the USD is likely to roll over as it appears overbought and overvalued. However, even if the USD has peaked, the effects of its appreciation will be imprinted in the earnings of US corporates for months. Our earnings model signals an earnings recession, with earnings expected to contract to the tune of 20% into the year-end. Technology and Materials are most exposed to the dollar, while Utilities, Financials, and Real Estate are the most domestic sectors. Growth is a more international style than Value, while midcaps offer the best protection from a stronger greenback. USES Model Breakdown Bottom Line: While a strong dollar is certainly a headwind for US earnings growth and for the performance of US equities, its adverse effects are minor compared to the effects of tighter monetary policy, slowing growth at home and abroad, rising costs, falling productivity, and fading pricing power. An earnings recession is inevitable. Dollar depreciation will be a welcome development, yet the dollar should be the least of investors’ worries. Feature The USD has appreciated by over 25% since the beginning of 2021 (Chart 1), a concerning development for US equity investors. The S&P 500 companies derive roughly 40% of sales from abroad and the strong dollar is a headwind: Not only does an appreciating domestic currency diminish foreign earnings through a currency translation effect, but it also makes US goods and services more expensive and less competitive in a global marketplace. Related Report  US Equity StrategyUS Dollar Bear Market: What To Buy & What To Sell Over the past few months, a number of US multinationals have complained about the adverse effect of the strong greenback on their sales and earnings. The list is both long and diverse and includes technology giants like Microsoft, Dell, and Netflix as well as the likes of Philip Morris, Johnson and Johnson, TJX, and Costco. Investors paid attention: Since the beginning of 2021, US companies with a high share of international sales underperformed their more domestically oriented counterparts by about 20% (Chart 2). However, partially this divergence in performance may be explained by the international index heavily overrepresenting Tech, which has headwinds of its own. Chart 1The USD Has Appreciated By Over 25%​​​​​​ Chart 2US Multinationals Have Underperformed​​​​​​ In this week’s report, we will analyze the effects of the stronger dollar on US corporate earnings, zooming in on its implications for the S&P 500 sectors and styles. Sneak Preview: A strong dollar is a definite negative for US corporate sales and profits and is a drag on US equity performance. However, when compared in magnitude to the effects of tighter monetary policy, slowing growth, and rising costs – the dollar should take a backseat to the other investor worries. USD: The Best House On The Worst Street The reasons for the rapid rise of the USD are manifold. The following are just a few: The Dollar smile: The USD outperforms when global growth is strong and investors are optimistic, as well as when growth slows and investors are fearful, benefiting from its status as a reserve currency. Over the past two years, both scenarios have played out. In 2021, investor flows pushed the dollar higher as the US was ahead of the rest of the world in terms of post-pandemic recovery. This year, the USD became a safe haven for jittery investors and became one of the rare assets delivering positive returns in the “sea of misery.” Chart 3Rate Differentials Favored The US The US looks good compared to other regions: Despite its own economic maladies, such as high inflation and slowing growth, the US has been in an advantageous position compared to the rest of the world. The US appears well insulated from global shudders compared to Europe, which is in the midst of a recession and an energy crisis, China roiling from the zero-COVID policy and property market fallout, and EM countries on the verge of food and energy shortages. Interest rate differentials: The Fed is being viewed as the most credible central bank to curb inflation. As a result, US rates have risen more than in other markets (Chart 3). The USD has been strengthening as the US has been enjoying relative stability and better growth compared to the other regions. The Fed is also ahead of the curve. Will The USD Appreciation Continue? BCA FX Strategist Chester Ntonifor does not expect the dollar to continue to appreciate for the following reasons: While the Fed is ahead of the curve, other central banks are also becoming more hawkish. As such, interest rate differentials will not materially move further in favor of the dollar. Inflation is a global problem as opposed to US-centric. Thanks to the Fed’s aggressive policy stance compared to the other central banks, the inflation impulse is slowing in the US, relative to a basket of G10 countries (Chart 4). In addition, the dollar is expensive, overbought, and is a crowded consensus trade (Chart 5). Chart 4The US Inflation Impulse Has Turned​​​​​ Chart 5The Dollar Is Overvalued On A PPP Basis​​​​​​ We concur. While we will not outright bet against the dollar, to our mind, risks are skewed to the downside. The dollar must be close to its peak, and we are neutral on a tactical basis. Effects Of USD Moves On S&P 500 Sales And Earnings Growth It Takes Time While US dollar appreciation may have come to an end, its toll will be imprinted on US earnings growth for a while. There is a lag between currency appreciation and its effects on company sales and earnings: It takes companies three to six months to change contracts, adjust prices and record revenue (Table 1). Stronger Dollar: Lower Sales And Lower Costs It is foreign sales that are most affected by the variation in the purchasing power of foreign currencies relative to the dollar (Chart 6). And while US multinationals hate the strengthening dollar, they also get a hand from it on the cost side of the equation, especially if they outsource a sizeable part of production abroad. Thus, the net effect on profits depends on the cost structure and the type of business. That explains why changes in the dollar are never one-to-one to changes in earnings growth. Table 1Sensitivity Of EPS YoY% To USD YoY% Over Time Modeling Effects Of A Stronger Dollar In the “Is An Earnings Recession In The Cards?” report published this past June, we introduced our EPS Growth Forecast Model (Table 2). The model has five intuitive factors: Chart 6The USD Primarily Affects Sales​​​​​​ Table 2EPS Growth Forecast Model ISM PMI is a gauge of US economic growth and a proxy for top-line growth. PPI stands for the change in costs. Pricing Power is a BCA proprietary indicator and captures companies’ ability to pass costs onto their customers. HY Spreads indicate costs of borrowing and also the state of the economy (spreads tend to shoot up in a slowing economy). USD represents the ability of US multinationals to sell goods abroad. These five factors explain 65% of the variation in earnings growth,1 and all factors are statistically significant. Earnings Recession Is Still In The Cards Back in June, we predicted an earnings recession later this year. After all, economic growth is slowing at home and abroad, and demand is rolling over while costs are rising, especially wages. Making things worse, productivity is falling, and Unit Labor Costs (ULC) hit nearly 10% in August. At the same time, consumers are reeling from rising prices, while companies are coming to realize that their ability to pass on costs to customers is pushing the limit. We have updated the model with three more months of data and expect earnings to start contracting in the third quarter, falling as much as 20% in the fourth quarter (Chart 7). None of this is surprising. S&P 500 margins have fallen by 2% in the second quarter, and earnings growth ex Energy came in at -2% on a nominal basis. Analysts expect six out of 11 S&P 500 sectors to deliver negative EPS Growth in Q3-2022. And while a 20% earnings drawdown sounds terrible, it is fairly mild compared to recent recessions – at the worst point in 2008, nominal earnings went to 0, printing a -100% contraction (Table 3). Chart 7The BCA Earnings Model Predicts A Earnings Recession Later This Year​​​​​​ Table 3The S&P 500 Earnings Drawdowns Here, we would like to emphasize that financial econometrics is not an exact science, and earnings growth point estimates are rarely precise. However, it is abundantly clear that earnings growth will trend well past the zero mark. Costs And Pricing Power Are Key Drivers Of S&P 500 Earnings In 2022 Breaking down the negative earnings growth forecast into contributions from different factors (Chart 8), we observe that the outcome is mostly driven by the interplay between PPI and Pricing Power – costs are rising and companies’ ability to pass them on further defines their profitability. And while commodity prices have fallen, these changes will take a while to flow into earnings. In addition, tighter monetary policy and slowing growth are the new speed bumps (HY Spreads and ISM PMI). Chart 8Interplay Of PPI And Pricing Power Drives The Direction Of Earnings Chart 9The USD Contribution Is Negative… USD Is Less Important So what about the dollar? According to our model, 1% of dollar appreciation is shaving off roughly 50bps from earnings growth. However, we need to keep this number in context. While the dollar has appreciated more than 25% since the beginning of 2021, only the last three to six months matter on a rolling basis. And over the past three months, USD has appreciated by about 8%, which will detract 4% from earnings in Q4-2022 (Chart 9). The importance of the USD for earnings growth is fairly minor compared to the other factors, such as pricing power, PPI, HY spreads, and ISM PMI (Chart 10). Chart 10... But Is Minor Compared To The Other Factors Bottom Line: A strong dollar is a headwind for earnings growth. However, its effects are dwarfed by other factors. Sectors Most Affected By The Strong Currency And Weakening Global Growth Table 4The S&P 500: % Of Foreign Sales By Sector While the overall negative effect of a strong dollar on the S&P 500 earnings is relatively minor, some sectors in the index are more exposed than others (Table 4). While the S&P 500 derives about 40% of sales from abroad, the Technology and Materials sectors have about 60% of foreign sales, and for the companies in these sectors, a strong currency is a serious concern. Utilities, Financials, and Real Estate are the most domestic in the index. It is important to note, that, at present, US multinationals are dealing not only with the effects of a stronger currency but also with global growth slowdown. Effects Of Strong Dollar On US Equity Performance While over the long term, a link between earnings growth and equities performance is irrefutable, in the short run, there may be significant variations. In this section, we will look at the relationship between equity returns and the USD. We will also isolate sectors and styles that are best positioned to withstand the current environment. And when the dollar swoons, we will also know which parts of the equity market are most likely to bounce back. USD Dollar Regimes To better understand the relationship between equity returns and the USD, we demarcate two distinct USD regimes, defined rather simplistically as “USD Rising” and “USD Falling” (Chart 11). Then we compile median monthly returns in each regime and keep track of how many months the S&P 500 was positive in each. Chart 11The USD Regimes Chart 12The USD Is A Headwind For The Performance Of Equities We found that when the USD is appreciating, median monthly returns are only 0.5% and are positive only 37% of the time. However, when the dollar is depreciating, median monthly returns are 1.4% and are positive 63% of the time (Chart 12). This relationship is significant at a 10% confidence level. Sector Performance Under Different USD Regimes When the USD rises, more defensive sectors, such as Utilities, Healthcare, and Consumer Staples tend to outperform. Energy has made the list thanks to the recent rally – normally Energy does not benefit from dollar strength (Chart 13). Chart 13Materials And Comm Services Will Outperform If The USD Turns The weakening dollar supports Materials as it stimulates demand, as well as the Communications sector, as it is home to multinational media and entertainment companies like Netflix, Facebook, and Google. Style Performance Under Different USD Regimes Growth Vs Value: Growth is more exposed to the USD than Value thanks to the index composition (Chart 14). Growth is home to Tech as well as Media & Entertainment, and “growthy” Consumer Discretionary, all of which have a higher share of earnings from abroad than the index. Value is dominated by Financials, Industrials, and Utilities, which are fairly domestic. Thus, while over time, exposure to the dollar fluctuates, over the long term, Growth is clearly more sensitive than Value (Chart 15). Chart 14Growth Is Dominated By Multinationals​​​​​​ Chart 15Growth Is More Exposed To The USD Than Value​​​​​​ Chart 16Mid Is A More Domestic Asset Class Than Small Small Vs Mid: According to a popular belief, small caps are insulated from currency moves as they don’t have reach and scale and earn very little outside of the US. However, small caps are often part of the ecosystem and supply chain of multinationals, and when the profitability of those is under pressure, they also start to feel the heat. Small caps have little leverage with their large clients and their profitability changes with the ebbs and flows of their larger brethren. Hence, they are quite sensitive to currency moves. Arguably, it is midcaps that are the most domestic asset class, as their exposure to the USD is less and more stable compared to the S&P 500 and small caps (Chart 16). Midcaps are usually not big enough to have much international reach but are big enough to have bargaining power with their multinational customers to guard their profitability. Investment Implications The S&P 500 derives roughly 40% of sales from abroad, which makes its earnings quite sensitive to dollar moves and global growth. The recent dollar bull market and slowing growth abroad have challenged US corporates and have detracted from their profit growth. However, slower growth, rising costs, and diminished pricing power by far dwarf the effects of the dollar. Overall, challenges at home and abroad are likely to trigger an earnings recession, which in all likelihood, has already started this summer, and is about to get worse. The dollar may be close to its peak, and our colleagues from the FX team expect dollar devaluation over the long term. A turn in the dollar will offer some respite for the performance of US equities despite the domestic backdrop of slowing growth and rising rates. It will also trigger a change in leadership, with sectors such as Materials and Communications rebounding from their lows. In terms of styles, a strong dollar lends support to Value, thanks to its sector composition. Once the dollar starts to depreciate, Growth will get another tailwind towards recovery. And lastly, midcap is one area in the US equity market somewhat more insulated from currency moves. Bottom Line While a strong dollar is certainly a headwind for US earnings growth and for the performance of US equities, its adverse effects are minor compared to the effects of tighter monetary policy, slowing growth at home and abroad, rising costs, falling productivity, and companies, diminished ability to pass on costs to customers—who are already strapped by rising prices. In short, dollar depreciation will be a welcome development, yet the dollar is the least of investors’ worries.   Irene Tunkel Chief Strategist, US Equity Strategy irene.tunkel@bcaresearch.com Footnotes 1      The model’s adjusted R-squared is 0.65. Recommended Allocation

Special Report

Executive Summary What To Do With The Euro? The outlook for European assets is uniquely muddled. European energy prices will remain elevated, but the worst of the adjustment is already behind us. The global economy is teetering on the edge of a recession and weak global growth is historically very negative for European assets. However, European valuations and earnings forecasts already discount an extremely severe outcome for global growth. A hawkish Fed should support the dollar, but investors increasingly realize foreign central banks are fighting inflation equally aggressively. The dollar already anticipates a global recession. Meantime, European credit offers a large spread pickup over sovereigns and even appears as a decent alternative to equities. Within a credit portfolio, we adopt a more cautious approach towards European investment grade bonds (IG) relative to their US counterpart. Instead, we recommend favoring UK IG over Euro Area IG as well as Swedish IG relative to US IG.    Recommendations INCEPTION DATE RETURN SINCE INCEPTION (%) COMMENT Set a stop buy at EUR/USD 0.9650 with a stop-loss at 0.9400 9/26/2022     Bottom Line: Investors should maintain a modest long position in equities in European portfolios, with a preference for defensive stocks over cyclicals. The conditions are falling in place to buy the euro tentatively.   Following the hawkishness that transpired from the Fed press conference and revised forecasts last week, EUR/USD plunged below 0.99 and hit a 20-year low. Moreover, President Vladimir Putin’s announcement of a broader mobilization of the Russian army is stoking fears that the Ukrainian conflict will only be prolonged. The prospects of a lengthier war and greater energy market shock are raising further worries for Europe’s growth outlook, which weighs on European asset prices, notably the euro and the pound. The odds of a global financial accident are on the rise. Global central banks have joined the Fed and are relentlessly tightening global monetary and financial conditions. Moreover, the surging dollar is adding to global risks by raising the cost of capital around the world. This is a very fragile situation and the odds of a global recession have jumped significantly. Against this backdrop, investors should continue to overweight defensive equities at the expense of cyclical stocks. The euro also has more downside, but we are issuing a tentative stop-buy at EUR/USD 0.9650 with a stop at 0.9400. Credit remains a safer alternative to European stocks. The Evolving European Energy Backdrop Chart 1All About The Gas The surge of natural gas and electricity prices since the fall of 2021 has been one of the main drivers of the underperformance of European assets and the fall in the euro (Chart 1). While the medium-term outlook for European energy prices remains fraught with risk, the near-term prospects have improved. Following a surge from €77.4/MWh in June to €340/MWh on August 26, one-month forward natural gas prices at the Dutch Title Transfer Facility (TTF) have declined 45% to €187/MWh. These wild gyrations reflect the evolution of both the natural gas flows from Russia, which have fallen from 3,060Mcm to 599 Mcm today, and the rapid buildup of natural gas inventories across the European Union. The good news is that the costly efforts to rebuild European gas inventories have been successful. EU-wide inventories are at 85.6% capacity, achieving its 80% storage objective well before November. Germany has gone even further, with storage use now standing at 90% of capacity. This large stockpile, along with the re-opening of coal power plants and consumption curtailment efforts, should allow Europe to survive the winter without Russian energy imports, as long as the temperatures are not abnormally cold. The absence of a summer dip in Norwegian gas exports and the surge in LNG flows to Europe have partially replaced the missing Russian inflows, thus helping Europe rapidly rebuild its natural gas inventories (Chart 2). This success was a consequence of elevated European natural gas prices, which have allowed Europe to absorb LNG flows from the rest of the world (Chart 3). Chart 2No Restocking Without LNG Chart 3LNG Flowed Toward High Prices So far, the European industrial sector has managed to adjust better than expected to the jump in the price of natural gas, a crucial energy input. Take Germany as an example. For the month of August, Germany’s consumption of natural gas by the industrial sector fell 22% below the 2018-2021 average (Chart 4, top panel), while PPI moved up vertically. Yet, industrial output is only down 5% year-on-year and industrial capacity utilization stands at 85%, which is still a level that beats two thirds of the readings recorded between 1990 and this the most recent quarter (Chart 4, bottom panel). The adjustment will be uneven across various industries, with those most voracious of natural gas likely to experience a declining share of Europe’s gross value added. Using the German example once again, we can see that the chemicals, basic metal manufacturing, and paper products sectors are the most at risk from higher natural gas prices and most likely therefore to suffer the most from gas rationing this winter (Chart 5). Chart 4A Surprisingly Successful Transition Chart 5The Three Sectors Most At Risk Going forward, important changes are likely to take place that will allow the European economy to continue to survive on diminished Russian gas flows: European natural gas prices will remain elevated compared to the rest of the world to attract LNG flows to the region. Importantly, Europe’s capacity to absorb these flows keeps increasing, as more re-gasification ships are docked around the continent. Moreover, North America is building more facilities to export LNG to Europe. Chart 6Nuclear Energy's Contribution Will Rebound Nuclear electricity production will rebound. Currently, the EU’s nuclear production is around 43.2TWh, well below the normal 60TWh to 70TWh winter levels, driven mostly by the collapse in French production from 35TWh to 18TWh (Chart 6). This decline in nuclear electricity generation has accentuated the upward pressure on European natural gas and electricity prices. One of the key objectives of the nationalization of EDF by the French government is to accelerate the maintenance of France’s ageing nuclear power plants and allow a return to more normal production levels by the winter. The role of natural gas in European household’s energy mix will decline. Currently, EU households are the largest natural gas consumers and account for 41% of the bloc’s gas consumption (Chart 7). It will be easier to replace their natural gas consumption over time with other sources of energy than it will be to cut the industrial sector’s consumption extensively. As a result, even if European natural gas imports are permanently below 2021 levels, the industrial sector will not bear the brunt of the adjustment. Chart 7Households To Be Displaced These developments imply that natural gas prices have limited downside. However, we believe that the worst of the spike in prices is behind us, at least over the near term. The reason is that the inelastic buying created by the inventory re-stocking exercise since May 2022 is ending. In fact, the German Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, Robert Habeck, declared last week that his country would no longer purchase gas at any price. Chart 8The Most Painful Part Of The Adjustment Is Over If prices stabilize around €200/MWh, European industrial activity will continue to face a headwind, but the worst of the adjustment process will be in the rearview mirror as natural gas inflation recedes (Chart 8). Ultimately, capitalist systems are dynamic, and it is this rapid change in price that causes the most pain. In other words, the impoverishment of the European private sector has already happened. Steady states are easier to manage. Moreover, if natural gas prices eventually follow the future’s curve (this is a big “if”), the picture for Europe will improve considerably. One additional mitigating factor should ease the pain being experienced by the European private sector. Fiscal policy is responding very aggressively to the current energy crisis. So far, EU countries and the UK have allocated more than €500 billion to protect their private sectors against higher energy costs (Chart 9) and the UK just announced tax cuts of £45 billion. This is in addition to the disbursement of €150 billion from the NGEU funds in 2023. Moreover, the European commission is planning to modify the EU fiscal rules to abandon annual structural deficit targets and for debt sustainability to be evaluated over a ten-year period. Chart 9Massive Fiscal Support Bottom Line: The worst of Europe’s adjustment to higher energy prices is now behind us. However, European energy prices will remain elevated, which will continue to put Europe at a handicap compared to the rest of the world. Bad News From The Rest Of The World The worst of Europe’s energy crisis is behind us, but the world is teetering toward a recession, which will hurt the trade- and manufacturing-sensitive European economy. Chart 10A Global Recession This Way Comes The tightening in global financial conditions created by the surge in the dollar and by the jump in global yields is pushing the US Manufacturing ISM and the Euro Area PMIs toward the low-40s, which is consistent with a recession (Chart 10). The problem does not stop there. Global central banks have become solely focused on fighting inflation. For 2023, the FOMC’s dot plot forecasts both an interest rate rise to 4.6% and a 0.7% increase in the unemployment rate. This is tantamount to the Fed telling the market that it will increase interest rates as a recession emerges to repress inflation. Not to be undone, European central banks are also rapidly increasing their policy rates, even as they also forecast an imminent deterioration in domestic growth conditions. Quickly tightening policy in a slowing growth environment, especially as the dollar hits a 20-year high, is a recipe for a financial accident and a global recession. Chart 11No Help From China Moreover, China’s economy is still unable to create a positive offset to the deterioration in global monetary and financial conditions. The marginal propensity of China’s private sector to consume remains in a downtrend, hampered by the country’s zero-COVID policy and the continuing meltdown in real estate activity (Chart 11). Furthermore, the most rapid decline in the yuan exchange rate in 5 years is imparting an additional downside risk to the global economy. European stocks are uniquely exposed to these threats. Europe overweights deep cyclicals, which are currently squeezed by the deteriorating global growth outlook. The message from the collapse in FedEx’s stocks on very poor guidance is particularly ominous: this company has a much closer correlation with the Dow Jones Euro STOXX 50 than with the S&P 500 (Chart 12). European share prices are already factoring in much of the bad news. Valuations are significantly less expensive than they once were. The Shiller P/E ratio of European equities and their equity risk premium stand at the same levels as those in the 1980s. This is in sharp contrast to the US (Chart 13). Chart 12FedEx's Gloomy Delivery Chart 13Low CAPE In Europe Table 1A Deep Downgrade To European Earnings European forward earnings have also already done considerable work adjusting downward. Excluding energy, 2022 and 2023 forward EPS are down 10.3% and 11.9% since their peak, respectively (Table 1). But inflation flatters earnings growth and European large-cap indices are dominated by multinational firms, which implies that looking at earnings in USD terms makes more sense. In both real and USD terms, 2022 and 2023 forward EPS, excluding energy, are already down 25% and 26.4%, respectively. These adjustments are in line with previous recessions. The counterargument is that analysts still expect positive earnings growth in 2023 relative to 2022. However, at 4%, this increase in expected earnings is still well below inflation and 6% below the average expected growth in forward earnings recorded over the past 35 years (Chart 14). Additionally, a global recession could put further downward pressure on energy prices in Europe, which would create an additional cushion under European earnings in 2023 The implication here is that it still makes sense to be modestly long European equities in absolute terms, especially for investors with an investment horizon of twelve months or more. However, we cannot be complacent, as the risk of an additional selloff is still too large for comfort. As a result, for now investors should only garner a small exposure to European equities and do so while favoring defensive names over cyclical ones (Chart 15). Chart 14Weak Forward Earnings Growth Chart 15Continue To Favor Defensive Names Bottom Line: European stocks must still contend with the growing threat of a global recession catalyzed by tighter financial conditions and aggressive global central banks. The good news is that they already discount considerable pessimism, as illustrated by their low valuations and downgraded forward earnings. Consequently, investors can continue to nibble at European equities, but do so to a limited degree and by favoring defensive stocks over cyclical ones, at least for now. The Euro Dilemma On the back of the very hawkish Fed meeting and the announcement of Russia’s broadened military mobilization, the EUR/USD broke below the 0.99 support level and fell under 0.98, a level we judged in the past as very attractive on a six-to-nine months basis. Obviously, Fed Chair Jerome Powell’s reaffirmation of the FOMC’s war on inflation is a major boost to the dollar. The momentum property of the greenback implies that it has room to rally further in the near term. This narrative, however, overlooks the fact that the Fed is not the only central bank intent on fighting inflation, no matter the cost. The Norges Bank, the Riksbank, the ECB, and even the SNB have all showed their willingness to move aggressively against inflation. While the BoE only increased rates by 50bps last week, its communication suggested that an at least 75bps increase would be due at the November meeting, when the MPC publishes its Monetary Policy report that will incorporate the impact of the budget measures announced by new British Prime Minister, Liz Truss. Chart 16The Rest Of The World Is Catching Up To The Fed As a result, market interest rate expectations are climbing in the US, but they are rising even faster in Europe, albeit from a lower base. However, the decline in the expected rate of interest in the US relative to Europe and in the number of expected hikes in the US relative to Europe are consistent with a sharp decline in the DXY in the coming months (Chart 16). Due to its 80% weight in European currencies, a weaker DXY implies a rebound in the EUR, GBP, CHF, NOK, and SEK against the USD. Chart 17Surprising European Resilience Moreover, there could be room for expected interest rate differentials to narrow further against the dollar. The analysis we published two weeks ago shows that, even when the different nonfinancial private debt loads are accounted for, the gap in the US and Eurozone r-star stands at 1%. However, the spread between the Fed funds rate’s upper bound and the ECB Deposit Rate is 2%. The gap between the July 2023 US and Eurozone OIS is 1.7%. Since European inflation may prove more stubborn than that of the US in the near term, there is scope for the expected interest rate gap to narrow further, especially as the Euro Area final domestic demand is surprisingly more robust than that of the US (Chart 17). What about global growth? The view that the global economy is about to experience a recession is consistent with a stronger dollar, since the greenback is an extremely countercyclical currency. However, the DXY’s 25% rally since January 2021 already prices in such an outcome (Chart 18). Similarly, the euro is trading again at 2002 levels, which is also in line with a global recession with deep negative repercussions for the Eurozone. Additionally, the Euro has fallen 21% since May 2021, which compares to the 21.4% fall in 2008, the 20% decline in 2010, the 18% plunge in 2011/12 and the 24% collapse in 2014/15; yet EUR/USD is much cheaper now than in any of those instances. Moreover, the wide difference between the competitiveness of Germany and that of the rest of the Euro Area has now faded, which means that a major handicap against the euro has disappeared (Chart 19). Chart 18The Dollar Already Foresees A Recession Chart 19Normalizing Eurozone Internal Competitiveness This does not mean that the euro is not without risk. First, since the major euro collapse began in June 2021, EUR/USD breakdowns have been followed by average declines of 3.6%, ranging from 2.7% to 4.2%. Since the dollar is a momentum currency, it is unlikely that this time will be different. Second, if the tightening in global policy does cause a financial accident, the dollar will catch one last major bid that could push EUR/USD toward 0.9. As a result, to mitigate the danger, we recommend setting a stop-buy in the euro at EUR/USD 0.965 or 2.6% below the breakdown level of 0.9904. This position comes with a stop-loss at 0.94. For now, we would view this bet as a tactical position if it were triggered. Bottom Line: While a hawkish FOMC is very positive for the dollar, markets now expect foreign central banks to catch up to some extent with the Fed. This process is dollar bearish. Additionally, while a global recession would be supportive of the greenback, the USD already discounts this scenario. Instead, Europe is proving surprisingly resilient, which could soon create a tailwind for EUR/USD. Set a stop-buy at EUR/USD 0.965, with a stop-loss at 0.94. Market Update: European Credit After Central Bank Week For investors concerned with the left-tail risk in European equities, European credit offers a credible alternative in the near term. This asset class is also attractive relative to European government bonds. Taken together, the Fed, the ECB, the BoE, the Riksbank, the Norges Bank, the SNB, and the BoC have tightened policy by 475bps over the past month (Chart 20). Moreover, the SNB’s hike closed the chapter of negative rates in Europe. But make no mistake – there will be a second chapter. Until then, European corporate bond yields have risen enough to offer attractive spreads over duration-matched government bonds and to challenge the earnings yield provided by equities (Chart 21). Besides, the volatility observed in equity markets over the past few months makes the European corporate bond more appealing. Chart 20Central Bank Week Chart 21Push Back Against TINA Argument In the Euro Area, BB-rated bonds, which are the highest credit quality and largest tranche within the high-yield space, are particularly attractive. They sport a 6.6% YTM, at a spread of 480bps over 3-year German government bond yields. This compares to an equity earnings yield of 7.4% (Chart 21, top panel). In other European corporate bond markets, there is no need to go down in credit quality. Yields-to-maturity for investment grade corporate bonds in the UK, Sweden, and Switzerland provide appealing alternatives to equities, with shorter duration still. This is especially true in Sweden, where the equity earnings yield has collapsed and is now only 60bps above Swedish IG yield, with substantially greater risk. Meanwhile, the spread pickup offered by Swiss IG over Swiss government bonds of similar duration is at its widest in more than ten years (Chart 21, bottom panel). Chart 22Heed The Message From OIS Curve Differentials This week, we turn neutral on European credit versus US credit. Back in March, we made the case that European credit would outperform its US counterpart in response to a more hawkish Fed than the ECB. Since then, European IG outperformed US IG by 1% on a total return basis. However, with the Fed funds rate at 3.25%, traders now expect more monetary policy tightening from the ECB, which often corresponds to an underperformance of Euro Area credit relative to that of the US (Chart 22, top panel). On the other hand, Swedish IG is expected to outperform US IG over the next six months (Chart 22, bottom panel).   Mathieu Savary, Chief European Strategist Mathieu@bcaresearch.com Jeremie Peloso, Editor/Strategist JeremieP@bcaresearch.com   Tactical Recommendations Cyclical Recommendations Structural Recommendations

Dear client, Next week’s report will be on European assets, authored by my colleague Mathieu Savary. We will send that to you Monday, September 26. In that report, Mathieu looks at the European energy market in depth, and concludes the eurozone will survive the winter, but with critical tests in the coming weeks. Mathieu suggests the euro could touch 0.965 in this process. I trust you will find the report insightful. Our regular publication will resume on October 7. Kind regards, Chester Ntonifor, Foreign Exchange Strategist Executive Summary Real Yields Still Favor The Dollar Every central bank is stepping up its hawkish rhetoric, but the Fed is still being perceived as having the moat to deliver the most aggressive rate hikes. As long as the market believes the US economy will maintain its superstar status, the dollar has upside. That said, financial conditions are tightening meaningfully in the US. Meanwhile, US inflation has peaked relative to other G10 countries, suggesting the market could price a less aggressive path for Fed interest rates, relative to other central banks. Narrowing interest rate differentials will diffuse US dollar momentum.  The big risk of leaning against dollar strength is a recession that spreads from Europe, the UK, and China and becomes global. The dollar tends to do well during recessions, even after a prolonged bout of strength.  Our core trades remain at the crosses: short EUR/JPY and long EUR/GBP. We are looking to buy NOK/SEK on further weakness and our limit buy on AUD was triggered. Bottom Line: Stay neutral the dollar for now but conditions for a short position continue to accrue. Feature We last published our Month-In-Review report on August 12th, suggesting inflation was still strong globally, and central banks will zone in on their mandate of cooling prices. Since then, bankers have been very busy. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) hiked rates by 50bps on August 17. At 3%, New Zealand now has one of the highest policy rates in the G10. The Norges Bank has hiked rates twice since, by 50bps. The policy rate now stands at 2.25%. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) hiked policy rates by 50bps on September 6. The Bank of England (BoE) hiked by 50 bps on September 16th, albeit, below market expectations. The Riksbank hiked rates by 100 bps on September 20. In a rare occurrence, Sweden now has higher rates than the eurozone. The European Central Bank (ECB), the Fed, and the Swiss National Bank (SNB) recently hiked rates by 75 bps. Finally, as a lone wolf, the Bank of Japan (BoJ) stayed pat, but has massively intervened to stabilize the drawdown in the yen. The message is clear, global central banks are on a path to cool inflation and regain credibility. In recent weeks, the Fed has been one of the most aggressive in hiking policy rates (Chart 1). As a result, the 10-year US Treasury yield has risen from 3% to 3.7% in the last month, among the most aggressive in the G10 (Chart 2). Other central banks are also catching up as inflation accelerates outside the US. Specifically, US price gains have peaked relative to their G10 counterparts (Chart 3). Faster rising yields and slowing inflation means that relative real yields continue to bid the dollar higher (Chart 4). Chart 1The Fed Is Very Hawkish Chart 2Interest Rates Rising Meaningfully In The US Chart 3Other Central Banks Need To Play Catch Up Chart 4Real Yields Still Favor The Dollar This backdrop is highly deflationary. Tightening policy while economic growth is slowing is a toxic cocktail. It explains why the dollar continues to command a bid, as markets believe most central banks cannot engineer a soft landing. The dollar does well in hard landings. In the next few sections, we cover the important data releases over the last month in our universe of G10 countries, and the implications for currency strategy. What is clear is that most foreign central banks are committed to their tightening campaign, which argues for a neutral stance towards the DXY for now, with a view to sell after/if global central banks engineer a recession. US Dollar: Stealth Strength Chart 5US Dollar: Stealth Strength The dollar DXY index is up 17.4% year to date. Over the last month, the DXY index is up 3.6% (panel 1). The market focus for the dollar will remain the jobs and employment report. Job gains remain robust. In August, the US added 315K jobs. While the unemployment rate rose to 3.7%, the participation rate also rose from 61.2% to 62.4% (panel 2). Wages continue to rise. Average hourly earnings came in at 5.2% year-on-year in August. The Atlanta Fed wage growth tracker continues to edge higher across all income cohorts (panel 3). Headline inflation decelerated to 8.3% in August, but the core measure did accelerate from 5.9% to 6.3% (panel 4). On September 21, the Fed increased interest rates by 75bps, as expected. Inflows into US assets remain strong. According to TIC data, the US saw $154 bn of inflows in July. Higher interest rates are taking a toll on the housing market. Building permits fell sharply in August, which makes the rebound in housing starts look fleeting. Financial conditions are tightening in the US. From a currency perspective, the dollar is overbought, and sentiment is very bullish (panel 5). That said, as a momentum currency, the dollar will continue to perform well if risk assets fall to the wayside. We remain neutral in the short term, though valuation keeps us bearish over a long-term horizon.  The Euro: Undershooting Parity Chart 6The Euro: Undershooting Parity The euro is down 14.2% year to date. Over the last month, the euro is down 2.5%. As we go to press, the euro has broken below 0.97. The main risk for the eurozone remains stagflation: The ZEW Expectations Survey was at -60.7 in September, a bearish development for the euro (panel 1). Consumer confidence deteriorated further in September, to -28.8 for the eurozone (the European Commission measure). The deterioration has been consistent among member countries (panel 2). Inflation remains sticky in the eurozone. Headline CPI accelerated to 9.1% in August. PPI in the euro area was at 37.9% in July, an acceleration from the June reading (panel 3). The trade balance continues to deteriorate, hitting - €40.3bn in July. The preliminary PMI read for September was at 48.5 from 49.6, suggesting the eurozone is already in recession (panel 4). The Sentix confidence index deteriorated in September to -31.8. This remains above the 2020 low but is rapidly catching up to the downside. Despite the above data prints, the ECB lifted interest rates by 75 bps on September 8th. The ECB continues to fight soaring inflation and will need to engineer a recession in the eurozone to achieve its mandate. This is a key risk for the euro. We continue to sell the EUR/JPY cross, while we remain constructive on EUR/GBP (panel 5). Our initial line in the sand was 0.98 for the euro, but as my colleague will argue next week, it could substantially undershoot this level. Stand aside for now.  The Japanese Yen: Currency Intervention Chart 7The Japanese Yen: Currency Intervention The Japanese yen is down 19.71% year-to-date. The yen hit an intra-day low of 145.8, forcing intervention by Japanese authorities. That has assuaged selling pressure. Meanwhile, economic data out of Japan has been on the mend. The Eco Watcher’s survey showed that sentiment improved in August. Current conditions rose from 43.8 to 45.5. The outlook component also rose from 42.8 to 49.4. The trade balance in Japan continues to deteriorate, due to soaring energy costs. That said, exports are holding up, rising 22% year-on-year in August (panel 2). Machine tool orders also ticked up. Labor market conditions remain robust. The job-to-applicant ratio rose to 1.29% in July. Inflation is picking up in Japan (panel 3). The nationwide CPI report for august showed an increase in the core-core measure from 1.2% to 1.6%. Headline CPI rose from 2.6% to 3%. The Bank of Japan continues to keep monetary policy on hold. However, the depreciating yen triggered intervention from Japanese authorities. We are short EUR/JPY, a trade that continues to pan out and a call option on a BoJ shift. While inflation expectations remain sticky in Japan, they could overshoot (panel 4). Our thesis is that short-term investors should stand aside on the yen, but longer-term buyers are in for a bargain. The yen is cheap, a favorite short, and the Japanese economy could surprise to the upside (panel 5).  British Pound: Towards Parity? Chart 8British Pound: Towards Parity? The pound is down 19.59% year to date. The depreciation in the pound has picked up pace, with cable now trading near 1.1 (panel 1). The next level of support is the 1985 low of 1.08. Economic data in the UK continues to disappoint. CPI came in at 9.9% in August. The RPI came in at 12.3%. PPI was at 24%. According to BoE forecasts, we will hit double digits in CPI prints soon (panel 2). Nationwide house price inflation remained strong in August, rising 10% year-on-year (panel 3). Retail sales excluding auto and fuel fell 5.4% year-on-year in August (panel 4). Trade data remains weak. The current account is close to a record low (panel 5). The external balance remains negative for the pound. With the new fiscal package of tax cuts, gilt yields are hitting new highs and the cable is selling off. This is because more demand will depress real rates in the UK, if not accompanied by productivity gains. We are maintaining our long EUR/GBP trade. On cable, downside remains but we will be buyers at 1.05.      Australian Dollar: A Contrarian Trade Chart 9Australian Dollar: A Contrarian Trade The AUD is down 10.14% year-to-date (panel 1). Over the last month, the AUD is down 5.68%. The RBA hiked interest rates by 50bps in August, lifting the official cash rate to 2.35%. We believe further rate increases remain likely. Inflation is accelerating in Australia, as the labor market tightens (panel 2). 59K jobs were added in August. The participation rate also ticked up from 66.4% to 66.6%. While the unemployment rate rose (panel 3), labor market conditions remain the strongest in decades (panel 4). Monetary policy continues to have the desired effect, as home loan issuance declined 7% in July. The manufacturing sector remains strong, with the August manufacturing PMI coming in at 53.8. The external environment continues to weigh on the AUD. In July, the trade balance came in lower than expected at -A$8.7bn vs a forecast of A$14.5bn (panel 5). This was largely driven by commodity prices rolling over and slowing Chinese demand. The headwinds are likely to persist in the near term. That said, our limit buy on AUD/USD was triggered at 0.665. In our view, the AUD already embeds a lot of bad news.          New Zealand Dollar: Stay Short At The Crosses Chart 10New Zealand Dollar: Stay Short At The Crosses The NZD is down 15% year-to-date (panel 1). Over the last month, the NZD is down 6.8%. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand raised its official cash rate (OCR) in August by 50 bps to 3.0%. The RBNZ cited high core inflation (panel 2) and scarce labor resources as the primary reasons and guided towards tighter monetary policy.  Monetary policy continues to be having the desired effect across interest rate sensitive areas of the economy. Home sales continued to slow in August, with REINZ home sales down 18.3% year-over-year. Home price growth is also cratering nationwide (panel 3). There is some evidence of a soft landing in New Zealand. ANZ consumer confidence rose to -85.4 from -81.9. Business confidence also bounced to -47.8 (panel 4).  The Business NZ PMI expanded to 54.9 in August. The external sector however continues to suffer from headwinds. Dairy prices, circa 20% of exports, remained flat in August after falling sharply at the start of the month. New Zealand’s 12-month trailing trade balance remains in deficit. As the NZD is heavily dependent on international trade, headwinds from a slowing Chinese economy will continue to weigh on the currency. We are bearish NZD at the crosses, though it will hold up if the dollar rolls over.    Canadian Dollar: A Hawkish BoC Chart 11Canadian Dollar: A Hawkish BoC The CAD is down 7.5% year to date. Over the last month, it is down 4%. The tightening campaign by the BoC is having the desired effect on economic data. Beginning with the labor market, the unemployment rate ticked up in August to 5.4% (panel 2), the highest level since February of this year. August also marks the third consecutive month of job losses, albeit with a higher labor force participation rate at 64.8%. While inflation in Canada appears to have peaked, it remains sticky. Headline CPI fell to 7% from 7.6%. Core inflation has also declined to 5.8% (panel 3). The housing market continues to slow. Building permits and housing starts are rolling over (panel 4). Notably, building permits declined 6.6% month-over-month against a forecast decline of 0.5%. Housing starts in August fell to 267.4K from 275.2K in July. The incoming prints are a “carte blanch” for the BoC to continue its tightening campaign. In August, it increased its policy rate to 3.25% (panel 5). More hikes are likely forthcoming. The OIS curve shows a peak in the overnight rate at 4% in February next year (panel 5). Ultimately, the CAD benefits from the terms of trade boom (panel 1) and an eventual decline in the US dollar. But as long as the USD remains strong, CAD faces downside.   Swiss Franc: A Haven Chart 12Swiss Franc: A Haven The Swiss Franc is down 7% year-to-date. EUR/CHF broke below 0.95, and the risk is that this level is tested again in the coming days (panel 1). We penned a report earlier this year arguing that Switzerland was an oasis of optimism: Inflation is accelerating, but still sits at 3.5% for August (panel 2). The decline in import prices is encouraging following franc strength (panel 3). Sight deposits are rolling over suggesting the SNB is not intervening to weaken the franc (panel 4). We are buyers of CHF at the crosses.                        Norwegian Krone: Buy On Weakness Chart 13Norwegian Krone: Buy On Weakness The NOK is down 19.7% year-to-date and 8% over the last month (panel 1). Inflation remains high in Norway. In August, CPI grew 6.5% year-on-year (panel 2). PPI including oil rose 77.3%. The housing market will bear the brunt of rate hikes. Household indebtedness (panel 3), makes the task of policy calibration challenging. Consumer confidence fell to a new low in the third quarter. The good news is that economic activity is robust on the back of Norway’s energy advantage. The current account remains in surplus (panel 5). If global risk sentiment picks up, the krone will be a jewel in the G10. If the risk appetite remains muted, NOK will face strong headwinds.                    Swedish Krona: A Beta Play On The Euro Chart 14Swedish Krona: A Beta Play On The Euro SEK is down 23.9% year-to-date. Over the last month, the krona is down 5.6% (panel 1). The Riksbank surprised markets by raising rates by 1% on September 20th (panel 5). Critically, rising inflation was the catalyst. Headline inflation accelerated from 8.5% to 9.8% in August. This is well above target (panel 3). The economic tendency survey rolled over from 101.3 to 97.5. A strong PMI has been a beacon of hope in Sweden but the headline figure dipped from 53.1 to 50.6 in August. The housing market continues to soften (panel 2). The Riksbank’s latest estimate sees a 16% decline in prices this year.  Much like the NOK, the Swedish krona will gyrate along the path of the broad trade-weighted USD. Fundamentally, the krona remains more vulnerable to external shocks due to higher energy dependency and a strong dollar. But it is also incredibly cheap. We are looking for opportunities to be long SEK at the crosses.      Chester Ntonifor Foreign Exchange Strategist chestern@bcaresearch.com Trades & Forecasts Strategic View Cyclical Holdings (6-18 months) Tactical Holdings (0-6 months) Limit Orders Forecast Summary

Special Report

Executive Summary Turkey is staring into an abyss: economic crisis that will morph into political crisis in the June 2023 election cycle. President Erdoğan will pursue populist economic policies and foreign policy adventurism to try to stay in power, leading to negative surprises and “black swan” risks over the coming 9-12 months. While Erdoğan and the ruling party are likely to be defeated in elections, which is good news, investors should not try to front-run the election given high uncertainty. Neither Turkey’s economy and domestic politics nor the global economy and geopolitics warrant a bullish view on Turkish assets. GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGY  Recommendation (TACTICAL) Initiation Date Return LONG JPY/TRY 2022-09-23     Erdoğan’s Net Negative Job Approval Bottom Line: The Lira will depreciate further versus the dollar. Both Turkish stocks and local currency bonds merit an underweight stance in an EM basket. EM sovereign credit investors, however, should be neutral on Turkish sovereign credit relative to the EM sovereign credit benchmark. Feature Turkey – now technically Türkiye – is teetering on the verge of a national meltdown. The inflation rate is the fastest in G20 countries, both because of a domestic wage-price spiral and soaring global food and fuel prices. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP) have been in power since 2002, making them highly vulnerable to demands for change in the general election slated for June 18, 2023. Yet Erdoğan is a strongman who won a popular vote to revise the constitution in 2017 and increase his personal power over institutions. His populist Islamist movement is starkly at odds with the country’s traditional elite, including the secular military establishment. Given the poor state of the economy, Erdoğan will likely lose the 2023 election but he could refuse to leave office … or he could win the election and be ousted in a coup d'état, as happened in Turkey in 1960, 1971, and 1980.1 Meanwhile Turkey is beset by foreign dangers – including war in Ukraine and instability in the Middle East. Erdoğan will try to use foreign policy to bolster his popular standing. Turkey has inserted itself in various regional conflicts and could instigate conflicts of its own. While global investors are eager to buy steeply discounted Turkish financial assets ahead of what could be a monumental change in national policy in 2023, the country is extremely unstable. It is a source of “black swan” risks. The best bet is to remain underweight Turkish assets unless and until a pro-market election outcome shakes off the two-decade trend toward economic ruin. Turkish Grand Strategy Turkey is permanently at a crossroads. The land-bridge between Europe and Asia, it is secular and cosmopolitan but also Islamist and traditional. Its past consists of the greatness of empires – Byzantine, Ottoman – while its present consists of a frustrating search for new opportunities in a chaotic regional context. The core of the country consists of the disjointed coastal plains around the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits and the Sea of Marmara, where Istanbul is located. The Byzantine and Ottoman empires were seated on this strategic location at the juncture of the world’s east-west trade. To secure this area, the Turks needed to control the larger Anatolian peninsula – Asia Minor – to prevent roving Eurasian powers from invading, just as they themselves had originally invaded from Central Asia. During times of greatness the Turks could also expand their empire to control the Balkan peninsula and Danube river valley up to Vienna, Crimea and the Black Sea coasts, and the eastern Mediterranean island approaches. During the Ottoman empire’s golden days Turkish power extended all the way into North Africa, Mesopotamia, the Nile river valley, and Mecca and Medina. The empire – and the Islamic Ottoman Caliphate – collapsed in 1924 after centuries of erosion and the catastrophes of World War I. Subsequently Turkey emerged as a secular republic. It adapted to the post-WWII world order by allying with the United States and NATO, in conflict with the Soviet Union which encircled the Turks on all sides. The Russians are longstanding rivals of Turkey, notably in the Black Sea and Crimea, and Stalin wanted to get his hands on the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits. Hence alliance with the US and NATO fulfilled one of the primary demands of Turkish grand strategy: a navy that could defend the straits and Turkish interests in the Black Sea and eastern Mediterranean. The collapse of the Soviet Union seemed to usher in an era of opportunity for Turkey. Turkey benefited from democratization, globalization, and foreign capital inflows. But then America’s wars and crises, Russia’s resurgence, and Middle Eastern instability created a shatter-belt surrounding Turkey, impinging on its national security. In this context of limited foreign policy options, Turkey’s domestic politics coalesced around Erdoğan, the AKP, political Islam, and investment-driven economic growth. Erdoğan and the AKP represent the Anatolian, religious, and Middle Eastern interests in Turkey, as opposed to the maritime, secular, and Euro-centric interests rooted in Istanbul. This point can be illustrated by observing that the poorer interior regions have grown faster than the national average over the period of AKP rule, whereas the more developed coastal regions have tended to lag (Map 1). Voting patterns from the 2018 general election overlap with these economic outcomes. The AKP has steered investment capital into the interior to fund infrastructure and property construction while currency depreciation, rather than productivity enhancement, has merely maintained the status quo with the manufacturing export sector in the coastal regions (Chart 1). Map 1Turkey’s Anatolian Model And The Struggle With The Coasts Chart 1Turkey's Export Competitiveness Today Turkey faces three distinct obstacles to its geopolitical expansion: Russian aggression: Russia’s resurgence, especially with the seizure of Crimea in 2014 and broader invasion of Ukraine in 2022, threatens Turkey’s interests in the Black Sea and eastern Mediterranean. Turkey must always deal with Russia carefully but over the past 14 years Russia has become belligerent, forcing Turkey to come to terms with Putin while maintaining the NATO alliance. Today Erdoğan tries to mediate the conflict as it does not want to encourage Russian aggression but also does not want NATO to provoke Russia. For instance, Turkey is willing to condone Finland and Sweden joining NATO but only if the West grants substantial benefits to Turkey itself. Ultimately Turkish ties with Russia are overrated. For both economic reasons and grand strategic reasons outlined above, Turkey will cleave to the West (Chart 2). Chart 2Turkey Still Linked To The West​​​​​ Chart 3Turkish Energy Ties With Russia Western liberal hegemony: The EU and NATO foreclosed any Turkish ambitions in Europe. The EU has consolidated with each new crisis while rejecting Turkish membership. This puts limits on Turkish access to European markets and influence in the Balkans. Turkey has guarded its independence jealously against the West. After the Cold War the US expected Turkey to serve American interests in the Middle East and Eurasia. The EU expected it to serve European interests as an energy transit state and a blockade against Middle Eastern refugees. But Turkish interests were often sidelined while its domestic politics did not allow blind loyalty to the West. This led Turkey to push back against the West and cultivate other options, such as deeper economic ties with Russia and China. Turkish dependency on Russian energy is substantial and Turkey has tried to play a mediating role in Russia’s conflict with NATO (Chart 3). Recently Turkey offered to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), a military alliance of Asian powers. However, as with trade, Turkish defense and security ties with the Russo-Chinese bloc are ultimately overrated (Chart 4).  There is room for some cooperation but Turkey is not eager to abandon American military backing in a period in which Russia is threatening to control the Black Sea rim, cut off grain exports arbitrarily, and use tactical nuclear weapons. Chart 4Turkey’s Defense Alliance With The West Middle Eastern instability: The Middle East is a potential area for Turkey to increase influence, especially given the AKP’s embrace of political Islam. Turkey benefits from regional economic development and maintains relations with all players. But the region’s development is halting and Turkey is blocked by competitors. The US toppled Iraq in 2003, which strengthened Iran’s regional clout over the subsequent decades. But Iran is not stable and the US has not prevented Iran from achieving nuclear breakout capacity. Turkey cannot abide a nuclear-armed Iran. At the same time, the US continues to support Israel and the Gulf Arab monarchies, which oppose Turkey’s combination of Islam and democratic populism. Russia propped up Syria’s regime in league with Iran, which threatens Turkey’s border integrity. Developments in Syria, Iraq, and Iran have all complicated Turkey’s management of Kurdish militancy and separatism. Kurds make up nearly 20% of Turkey’s population and play a central role in the country’s political divisions. Erdoğan’s Anatolian power base is antagonistic toward the Kurds and regional Kurdish aspirations. China’s strategic rise brings both risks and rewards for Turkey but China is too distant to become the focus of Turkish strategy: China’s dream of reviving the Silk Road across Eurasia harkens back to the glory days of Ottoman power. The Belt and Road Initiative and other investments help to develop Central Asia and the Middle East, enabling Turkey to benefit once again as the middleman in east-west trade (Chart 5). Chart 5Turkey Benefits From East-West Trade But insofar as China’s Eurasian strategy is successful, it could someday impinge on Turkish ambitions, particularly by buttressing Russian and Iranian power. In recent years Erdoğan has experimented with projecting Turkish power in the Middle East (Syria), North Africa (Libya), the Caucasus (Armenia), and the eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus). He cannot project power effectively because of the obstacles outlined above. But he can manipulate domestic and foreign security issues to try to prolong his hold on power. Bottom Line: Boxed in by Russian aggression, western liberal hegemony, and Middle Eastern instability, Turkey cannot achieve its geopolitical ambitions and has concentrated on internal development over the past two decades. However, the country retains some imperial ambitions and these periodically flare up in unpredictable ways as the modern Turkish state attempts to fend off the chaotic forces that loom in the Black Sea, Middle East, North Africa, and Caucasus. The Erdoğan regime is focused on consolidating Anatolian control of Turkey and projecting military power abroad so that the military does not become a political problem for his faction at home. Erdoğan’s Domestic Predicament President Erdoğan has stayed in power for 20 years under the conditions outlined above but he faces a critical election by June 18, 2023 that could see him thrown from power. The result will be extreme political turbulence over the coming nine months until the leadership of the country is settled by hook or by crook. Erdoğan has pursued a strongman or authoritarian leadership style, especially since domestic opposition emerged in the wake of the Great Recession. By firing three central bankers, he has pressured the central bank into running an ultra-dovish monetary policy, producing a 12% inflation rate prior to the Covid-19 pandemic and an 80% inflation rate today. He has also embraced populist fiscal handouts and foreign policy adventurism. Taken together his policies have eroded the country’s political as well as economic stability. From the last general election in 2018 to the latest data in 2022: Real household disposable income  growth has fallen from -7.4% to -18.7% (Chart 6). Chart 6Real Incomes Falling​​​​​​ Chart 7Turkish Activity Slows Ahead Of Election​​​​​ The manufacturing PMI has fallen from 49.0 to 47.4 (Chart 7). Consumer confidence has fallen from 92.1 to 72.2 (Chart 8). Chart 8Consumer Confidence: Not Better Off Than At Last Election​​​​​​ Chart 9Erdoğan’s Net Negative Job Approval​​​​​​ Bad economic news is finally altering public opinion, with polls now shifting against the president and incumbent party: Since the pandemic erupted, Erdoğan’s approval rating has fallen from a peak of 57% to 40% today. Disapproval has Erdoğan’s risen to 54%, leaving him a net negative job approval (Chart 9). Bear in mind that Erdoğan won the election with 52.6% of the vote in 2018, only slightly better than the 51.8% he received in 2014 and well below the 80% that his AKP predecessor received in 2007. Meanwhile the AKP, which never performs as well as Erdoğan himself, has fallen from a 45% support rate to 30% today in parliamentary polls, dead even with the main opposition Republican People’s Party (Chart 10). The AKP won 42.6% of the vote in 2018, down from 49.5% in the second election of 2015, 49.8% in 2011, and 46.6% in 2007. Chart 10Justice And Development Party Neck And Neck With Republican Opposition The gap between Erdoğan and his Republican rivals has narrowed sharply since the global food and fuel price spike began to bite in late 2021 (Chart 11). Chart 11Erdoğan Faces Tough Re-Election Race However, the 2023 election is not straightforward. There are several caveats to the clear anti-incumbent tendency of economic and political data: Soft Economic Landing? The election takes place in nine months, enough time for surprises to salvage Erdoğan’s presidential campaign, given his and his party’s heavily entrenched rule. For example, it is possible – not probable – that Russia will resume energy exports, enabling Europe to recover, and that central banks will achieve a “soft landing” for the global economy. Turkey’s economy would bounce just in time to help the incumbent party. This is not what we expect (see below) but it could happen. Foreign Policy Victories? Erdoğan could achieve some foreign policy victories. He has negotiated a tenuous deal with Russia and Ukraine, along with the UN, to enable grain exports out of Odessa. He could build on this process to negotiate a broader ceasefire in Ukraine. He could also win major concessions from the US and NATO to secure Finnish and Swedish membership in that bloc. If he did he would come off looking like a grand statesman and might just buy another term in office. Unfortunately what is more likely is that Erdoğan will pursue an aggressive foreign policy in an attempt to distract voters from their bread-and-butter woes, only to destabilize Turkey and the region further. Stolen Election? Erdoğan revised the constitution in 2017 – winning 51.4% of the votes in a popular referendum – to give the presidency substantial new powers across the political system. Using these powers he could manipulate the election to produce a favorable outcome or even cling to power despite unfavorable election results. He does not face nearly as powerful and motivated of a liberal establishment as President Trump faced in 2020 or as Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro faces in 2022. As noted Erdoğan has a contentious relationship with the Turkish military, so while investors cannot rule out a stolen election, they also cannot rule out a military coup in reaction to an attempted stolen election. Thus the election could produce roughly four outcomes, which we rank below from best to worst in terms of their favorability for global investors: 1.  Best Case: Decisive Opposition Victory – 25% Odds – A resounding electoral defeat for the AKP would reverse its unorthodox economic policies in the short term and serve as a lasting warning to future politicians that populism and economic mismanagement lead to political ruin. This outcome would also provide the political capital and parliamentary strength necessary to impose tough reforms and restore a semblance of macroeconomic stability. 2.  Good Case: Narrow AKP Defeat – 50% Odds – A narrow or contested election would produce a weak new government that would at least put a stop to the most inflationary AKP policies. It would improve global investor sentiment around Turkey’s eventual ability to stabilize its economy. The new government would lack the ability to push through structural reforms but it could at least straighten out the affairs of the central bank so as to ensure a cycle of monetary policy tightening, which would stabilize the currency. 3.  Bad Case: Narrow AKP Victory – 15% Odds – A narrow victory would force the AKP to compromise with opposition parties in parliament and pacify social unrest. Foreign adventurism would continue but harmful domestic policies would face obstructionism. 4.  Worst Case: Decisive AKP Victory – 10% Odds – A resounding victory for the ruling party would vindicate Erdoğan and his policies despite their negative economic results, driving Turkey further down the path of authoritarianism, populism, money printing, currency depreciation, and hyper-inflation. He could also be emboldened in his foreign adventurism. Bottom Line: We expect Erdoğan and the AKP to be defeated and replaced. However, Turkey is in the midst of an economic and political crisis and the next 12 months will bring extreme uncertainty. The election could be indecisive, contested, stolen, or overthrown. The aftermath could be chaotic as well as the lead-up. If the AKP stays in power then investors will abandon Turkey and its economy will suffer a historic shock. Therefore investors should underweight Turkey – at least until the next phase in the economic downturn confirms our forecast that the AKP will fall from power. Macro Outlook: Fade The Equity Rally Chart 12Turkish Stock Rally Will Fade Soon; Stay Underweight This Market Versus EM The Turkish economy is beset by hyper-inflation. Headline consumer prices are rising at upwards of 80% and core inflation is 65%. Yet Turkish government 10-year bond yields are low and falling: they are down to 11% currently, from a high of 24% at the beginning of the year. Turkish stocks have also outperformed their Emerging Markets counterparts this year in common currency terms even though the lira has been the worst performing EM currency (Chart 12). So, what’s going on in this market? The answer is hidden in the slew of unorthodox policies adopted by the authorities. These measures caused massive distortions in both the economy and the markets. Specifically, late last year, despite very high inflation, the central bank began to cut policy rates encouraging massive loan expansion. As a result, both local currency loans and money supply surged. Which, in turn, completely unhinged inflation (Chart 13). As inflation rose, so did government bond yields. In a bid to keep government borrowing costs low, policymakers changed several bank regulations to force commercial banks to buy government bonds.2  The upshot was that the bond yields stopped tracking inflation and instead began to fall even as inflation skyrocketed. The rampant inflation meant Turkish non-financial firms’ nominal sales skyrocketed. Indeed, sales of all MSCI Turkey non-financials companies have risen by 40% in US dollar terms and 200% in local currency (Chart 14). Chart 13Massive Bank Credit And Money Growth Completely Unhinged The Inflation This was at a time when policy rates were being cut. The policy rate has fallen to 12% today from 19% a year earlier. Firms’ local currency real borrowing costs have fallen deeply into negative territory (Chart 15). It helped reduce firms’ costs significantly. Chart 14Surging Sales Amid Deeply Negative Real Borrowing Costs Boosted Firms' Profits​​​​​ Chart 15Policy Rates Are Being Cut Even As The Inflation Reigns Havoc​​​​​ Chart 16Wage Costs Have Risen Too, But Not As Much As Inflation​​​​​ Meanwhile, even though wage growth accelerated, it still fell short of inflation, and therefore of nominal sales of the firms (Chart 16). Firms’ wage costs did not rise as much as their prices. All this boosted non-financial firms’ margins. Total profits have risen by 35% in US dollar terms from a year earlier (200% in lira terms). ​​​​​​​ Chart 17The Deluge Of Money Has Led All Kinds Of Asset Prices To Skyrocket ​​​​​​​ On their part, listed financials’ profits have surged by 50% in USD terms and 220% in local currency terms. They benefited both from surging interest income due to rapid loan growth and from massive capital gains on their holding of government securities (see Chart 14 above). All this is reflected in Turkish companies’ earnings per share as well. The spike in EPS has propped up Turkish stocks for past few months. Over the past year, not only have corporate profits and share prices surged, but also house prices have skyrocketed by 170% in local currency terms and 30% in USD terms (Chart 17). In sum, the abnormally low nominal and deeply negative real borrowing costs have produced a money/credit deluge, which has generated a massive inflationary outbreak and has inflated revenues/profits as well as various asset prices. The Lira To Depreciate Further This macro setting is a recipe for a major currency sell-off.  First, Europe – the destination of 90% of Turkish exports – will likely slide into recession over the coming year (Chart 18).  Chart 18A Slowing Europe Will Materially Dent Turkish Growth Too A fall in exports will widen Turkey’s current account deficit. Notably, imports will not fall much since the authorities are pursuing easy money policy. Second, the lack of credible macro policies as well as political crisis will assure that foreign capital escapes Turkey. Turkey will find the current account deficit nearly impossible to finance. Third, the country’s net foreign reserves, after adjusting for the central bank’s foreign currency borrowings and commercial banks’ deposits with the central bank, stand at minus 30 billion dollars. In other words, the central bank now has large net US dollar liabilities. As such, it has little wherewithal to defend the currency. There are very high odds that the lira depreciation will accelerate in the months ahead. Fourth, the slew of unorthodox measures taken by the Turkish authorities will encourage banks to buy more government local currency bonds to suppress the government’s borrowing costs. When commercial banks buy government securities from non-banks, they create money “out of thin air.” Hence, the ongoing money supply deluge will continue. This is bearish for the currency. Notably, the economy will likely enter into recession next year – and yet core inflation will stay very high (30% and above). Recent unorthodox bank regulations are meant to encourage a certain kind of lending – loans to farmers, exporters, and small and medium-sized businesses – while discouraging other kinds. Consequently, the overall loan growth will likely slow in nominal terms. There are already signs that credit is decelerating on the margin (Chart 19). Given the very high inflation, slower credit growth will likely lead to a liquidity crunch for many businesses – forcing them to curtail their activity.  Chart 19Bank Credit Will Decelerate Due To Many Unorthodox Bank Regulations​​​​​​ Chart 20Bank Loans Are Already Contracting in Real Terms: Not a Good Omen For Real GDP​​​​​​ Indeed, in real terms (deflated by core CPI), local currency loan growth has already slipped into negative territory. This is a bad omen for the overall economy: contracting real loan growth is a harbinger of recession (Chart 20). In short, Turkey is looking into an abyss: a recession amid high inflation (i.e., stagflation) as well as a brewing political crisis (with Erdoğan likely doubling down on unorthodox and populist policies). All this point to another period of a large currency depreciation. While the country will likely change direction to avoid the abyss, investors should wait to allocate capital until after the change in direction is confirmed.    Investment Takeaways The Turkish lira will fall much more vis-à-vis the US dollar in the year ahead. Both Turkish stocks and local currency bonds merit an underweight stance in an EM basket. EM sovereign credit investors, however, should be neutral on Turkish sovereign credit relative to the EM sovereign credit benchmark. Turkey is involved in an economic crisis that will devolve into a political crisis over the election cycle. While Erdoğan and the AKP are likely to fall from power as things stand today, they are heavily entrenched and will be difficult to remove, creating large risks of an indecisive or contested election in 2023 that will increase rather than decrease policy uncertainty and the political risk premium in Turkish assets. As a strongman leader Erdoğan has consolidated political power in his own hands, so there is no one to take the blame for the country’s economic mismanagement – other than foreigners. Hence there is a distinct risk that his foreign policy adventurism will escalate between now and next year, resulting in significant military conflicts or saber-rattling. These will shake out western investors who try to speculate on the likelihood that the election or the military will oust Erdoğan and produce sounder national and economic policies. That outcome is indeed likely but Erdoğan is not going without a fight. Our Geopolitical Strategy also recommends tactically shorting the lira versus the Japanese yen in light of global slowdown, extreme geopolitical risk, and the Bank of Japan’s desire to prevent the yen from falling too far.   Matt Gertken Chief Geopolitical Strategist mattg@bcaresearch.com Rajeeb Pramanik Senior EM Strategist rajeeb.pramanik@bcaresearch.com Andrija Vesic Consulting Editor Footnotes 1      Sinan Ekim and Kemal Kirişci, “The Turkish constitutional referendum, explained,” Brookings Institution, April 13, 2017, brookings.edu. 2     The central bank replaced an existing 20% reserve requirement ratios for credits with a higher 30% treasury bond collateral requirement. Lenders will have to cut interest rates on commercial loans (except for loans to farmers, exporters, and SMEs). Otherwise, banks will have to maintain additional securities. Strategic Themes Open Tactical Positions (0-6 Months) Open Cyclical Recommendations (6-18 Months) Regional Geopolitical Risk Matrix

Executive Summary The Chinese Economy Is Facing Deflationary Pressures China’s economy is facing a deflationary threat. Core consumer price inflation is below 1%, and producer (ex-factory) price inflation has decelerated rapidly and will soon deflate. Bank loan growth remains subdued due to the deepening property market slump and lackluster credit demand in the private sector. In view of the reluctance of households and enterprises to spend, invest and hire, the multiplier of stimulus in this cycle will be lower than in previous ones. China’s property market woes continued in August and a turnaround is not likely in the near term. China’s overseas shipments are set to contract in the months ahead. China needs to reduce interest rates and weaken its exchange rate to battle deflationary pressures and reflate the system. Thus, Chinese authorities will not prevent a further depreciation in the yuan versus the US dollar - as long as the decline is orderly and gradual. Bottom Line: The risk-reward profile remains unattractive for Chinese stocks in absolute terms. For global equity portfolios, we recommend a neutral allocation to Chinese onshore stocks and an underweight stance in investable stocks. Escalating deflationary pressures mean that onshore asset allocators should continue to favor government bonds over stocks.     Recovery prospects for China’s economy remain dim. Despite August’s better-than-expected growth in industrial output and retail sales, economic activity in the months ahead will be weighed down by a lingering real estate slump, recurring disruptions linked to Covid and a budding contraction in exports. Related Report  China Investment StrategyThe Party Congress And Beyond As discussed in our previous report, China’s transition from zero Covid tolerance to a managed approach to living with the virus will be a measured but protracted process. The conditions are not yet in place for a pivotal change in the country’s dynamic zero-Covid strategy. Thus, the risk of outbreaks and ensuing lockdowns still constitute a major hurdle for private domestic demand in the near term. China’s exports are set to shrink in the coming months due to a relapse in global demand for consumer goods (ex-autos). Domestic and external headwinds confronted by China underscore that the primary economic risk is deflation. Chinese policymakers need to lower interest rates and allow the currency to depreciate to battle deflationary pressures. Odds are high that the PBoC will cut rates further. However, the efficacy of reflationary efforts is doubtful due to three factors: uncertainty over the dynamic zero-Covid policy and the outlook for Omicron; persistent real estate woes; and the downbeat sentiment among corporates and households. Chart 1Upsides In Chinese Equity Prices Are Capped Without Aggressive Stimulus Therefore, our outlook for China’s business cycle remains a U-shaped recovery with risks skewed to the downside in the next few months.  Consistently, the risk-reward of Chinese stocks remains poor. Their absolute performance is also at risk from a further selloff in US/global equities as discussed in the latest Emerging Markets Strategy report. We continue to recommend a neutral stance on Chinese onshore stocks and underweight allocation for Chinese offshore stocks within a global equity portfolio (Chart 1). Depressed Credit Demand And Low Stimulus Multiplier Demand for credit from China’s private sector remains depressed, reflected by a very muted credit impulse when local government bond issuance is excluded (Chart 2). Critically, banks have been unable to accelerate the pace of lending even after the PBoC cut rates and urged them to boost lending (Chart 3). Chart 2The Credit Impulse Remains Muted Chart 3Subdued Loan Growth Despite Lower Interest Rates The growth rate of medium-to-long-term consumer loans, which are primarily composed of residential mortgages, continues to plunge (Chart 4, top panel). New household loan origination is contracting (Chart 4, bottom panel). Our proprietary measure of marginal propensity to spend for households dropped to an all-time low, mirroring consumers’ downbeat sentiment (Chart 5).  Chart 4Household Loan Demand Is Depressed... Chart 5...And Sentiment Remains in The Doldrums Corporate credit flow improved slightly with medium-to-long-term corporate loan growth ticked up in August (Chart 6). While it is difficult to quantify, it is likely that the recent modest improvement in corporate loan growth was mainly due to state-owned banks’ lending to local government financing vehicles (LGFV) to purchase land. The latter is de-facto bailing out local governments that heavily depend on land sales. Land transfer revenues made up 23% of local government aggregate expenditure in the past 12 months (Chart 7). Chart 6Corporate Loan Growth Slightly Improved In August Chart 7Land Sales Are Critical For Local Government Financing Chart 8Corporates' Investment Sentiment Is Worsening Consistent with poor business sentiment, enterprises’ investment expectation deteriorated in August (Chart 8). Given private-sector’s reluctance to borrow, the multiplier of stimulus will be lower than that in previous cycles. Consequently, China’s policymakers have no choice but to bump up fiscal stimulus and cut interest rates even more. Property Market: No Turnaround In Sight Yet China’s property market woes continued in August with a further weakening in housing market indicators (Chart 9). Home sales tumbled by 25% in August from a year ago. Real estate investment shrinkage deepened and home price deflation accelerated. Property market indicators probably will begin to show a rate-of-change improvement in the coming months due to a more favorable base effect. However, their annual growth rates will remain deeply negative, probably posting a double-digit retrenchment from a year ago. In brief, the level of housing sales will continue withering (Chart 10, top panel). Chart 9Housing Market Activity And Prices Chart 10Shrinking Sales = Less Funding Shrinking home sales mean a scarcity of funding for real estate developers who heavily rely on advance payments from homebuyers to finance their projects (Chart 10, middle and bottom panels). Hence, a contraction in property investment will remain intact for the next three to six months and housing construction activities will stay depressed (Chart 11). Chart 11Less Funding = Reduced Completions And Investments Chart 12Households Are Reluctant To Buy When House Prices Are Falling Interestingly, to revive housing sales, Guangzhou (a southern Chinese metropolis) plans to loosen price controls to allow new house prices to drop up to 20%. Other provinces might follow suit. This would eventually make housing more affordable, but homebuyers might be reluctant to buy until house prices bottom (Chart 12). Therefore, an imminent rebound in home sales is unlikely. Overseas  Shipments Are Set To Shrink China’s export growth, in both value and volume terms, slowed noticeably in August. The global demand for goods continues to dwindle, which does not bode well for Chinese overseas shipments. Imports for processing trade,1 which historically led China’s exports growth by three months, sank in August (Chart 13). In addition, Shanghai’s export container freight index has plummeted sharply (Chart 14). Both signal an impending shrinkage in the country’s exports volume. Chart 13Plummeted Processing Imports Herald A Downtrend In Exports Chart 14A Sign Of Exports Relapse Notably, the country’s exports to the US began to wither in August and this trend will only accelerate in the months ahead. We elaborated on the reasons for the global trade contraction in a previous report. Consistently, the continued underperformance of global cyclical stocks versus defensives, which historically has been a good leading indicator of global manufacturing cycles, points to a worldwide manufacturing downturn (Chart 15). This will be bad news for China, which is the largest manufacturing hub in the world. Deflationary Pressures Will Intensify The Chinese economy is facing a deflationary threat with core consumer inflation below 1% and producer (ex-factory) price inflation falling sharply (Chart 16). Chart 15Global Manufacturing Is Heading Into A Contraction Chart 16The Chinese Economy Is Facing A Risk of Deflation As weaknesses in domestic demand, real estate price and exports deepen, deflationary pressures in the mainland economy will likely intensify. Producer prices will begin deflating in the coming months. Manufactured goods prices have already deflated modestly, which will dampen investment in the industrial sector (Chart 17). Deflationary pressures are set to proliferate given that manufacturing output accounts for one-third of China’s GDP and manufacturing investment accounts for 32% of the nation’s overall fixed-asset investment. Investment in the real estate sector deteriorated severely in August. The downtrend in manufacturing and property investments will cap China’s overall capital spending growth through the end of this year, despite the ongoing rebound in infrastructure investment (Chart 18). Chart 17Manufacturing Prices Are Deflating Chart 18Weakness In Property And Manufacturing Investments Will Cap Overall Capital Spending Chart 19Sluggish Household Consumption Weak income growth and an unwillingness by consumers to spend have taken a heavy toll on retail sales and the service sector since early this year. The growth in goods sales volume edged up in August but remains lackluster and well below pre-pandemic levels (Chart 19). In addition, online retail sales of services continued to shrink (Chart 19, bottom panel). More Downside In The RMB  China needs to reduce its interest rates and weaken its exchange rate to battle deflationary pressures. Therefore, Chinese authorities will not mind more deterioration in the yuan versus the US dollar as long as it is gradual. The PBoC lowered the banks’ foreign exchange (FX) deposit reserve requirement ratio (RRR) from 8% to 6%, effective September 15. However, this will have little impact on altering the current weakening trend of the RMB. The balance of FX deposits at commercial banks was US$910 billion at the end of August. A 2% decrease in the FX deposit reserve ratio will only free about US$18 billion in FX liquidity, which is not large compared with US$80 billion in China’s net portfolio outflows through bond and stock connects so far this year. Capital outflows from China will likely persist for the next few months due to the disappointing economic recovery and widening interest rate differential relative to the US (Chart 20). Moreover, slumping exports will heighten selling pressures on the yuan and increase the government’s tolerance for a weaker currency. The FX settlement rate by banks on behalf of clients has continued to drop, which reflects the reluctance of exporters to sell their foreign currency receipts to banks on the expectation that the RMB will weaken even more (Chart 21).   Chart 20China-US Rate Differentials Indicate RMB Depreciation Chart 21Contracting Exports Will Weigh On The RMB Furthermore, despite a 12% depreciation against the US dollar since this March, the RMB remains strong in trade-weighted terms (Chart 22). Finally, the RMB is modestly cheap, which does not constitute sufficient conditions for the exchange rate reversal, especially when macro fundamentals warrant a weaker currency (Chart 23). In short, we expect that the RMB has another 5% to fall versus the US dollar. Chart 22RMB Is Strong In Trade-Weighted Terms Chart 23The RMB Is Modestly Cheap But Might Undershoot Stay Cautious On Chinese Equities Deflationary pressures confronted by the Chinese economy suggest that onshore asset allocators should continue to favor government bonds over stocks (Chart 24). Chart 24China's Onshore Stock-To-Bond Ratio Will Continue Relapsing Chart 25A-Shares Have Broken Below Their 6-Year Moving Average The onshore CSI 300 stock index had broken through its 6-year moving average technical support, which will become new resistance for the index (Chart 25). The Hang Seng Tech index, which tracks Chinese offshore tech stocks/platform companies, has failed to break above its 200-day moving average (Chart 26). The above tell-tale signs raise the odds of cyclical new lows in these indexes. Within Chinese equities, we continue to recommend overweighting interest rate sensitive sectors, such as consumer staples, utilities and autos (Chart 27). Chart 26Chinese Tech Stocks Still Appear Brittle Chart 27Interest Rate Sensitive Sectors Benefit From Loosening Monetary Conditions Finally, we reiterate our long A-share index / short MSCI Investable stock index recommendation, a position we initiated in March 2021. Qingyun Xu, CFA Associate Editor qingyunx@bcaresearch.com   Table 1China Macro Data Summary Table 2China Financial Market Performance Summary Footnotes 1     Processing trade refers to the business activities of importing raw materials, components and accessories, and then re exporting the finished products after processing or assembly. Strategic Themes Cyclical Recommendations