Financial Markets

Highlights The current market action in the EM equity space qualifies as a bear market, not a correction. Yet the magnitude of this drawdown (25%) is still considerably smaller than the median stock price drop (45%) of previous bear markets. Hence, more downside in EM share prices in dollar terms is to be expected. The Federal Reserve is not about to rescue EM - not until U.S. share prices fall considerably and the dollar appreciates sharply. For EM dedicated equity portfolios, we are downgrading Taiwan from overweight to neutral (please see page 11). We reiterate our underweight stance on Peruvian stocks (please see page 14). Feature All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina To rephrase Leo Tolstoy's famous quote from Anna Karenina: All bull markets are alike; but, each bear market is distinctive in its own way. The emerging market stock index has dropped by 25% from its January high. We reckon EMs are in a bear market - not a correction. Thus, there is still meaningful downside in EM financial markets, and it is still too early to bottom-fish. Many commentators and investors are comparing the current selloff with other bear markets, most notably those that occurred in 1997-'98 and 2014-'15. Our answer to these comparisons is the above quote from Tolstoy. This EM rout is different from the previous ones, including the most recent one that occurred in 2015. Yet just because this selloff is in certain aspects unlike previous bear markets does not mean it is not a full-fledged bear market. Bear Markets Versus Corrections There is no scientific distinction between a bear market and a correction. The below considerations suggest to us that EMs are in a genuine bear market, not a correction. These deliberations complement rather than substitute our fundamental analysis that foreshadows weakening growth and deteriorating profitability in EM/China - the topics that we regularly discuss at great length in our weekly reports. Chart I-1 portrays EM share prices since the mid-1980s and identifies periods of bear markets. Bear markets differ from corrections not only by the magnitude of drawdowns but also by duration. We define an EM bear market as a drawdown that either lasted longer than six months or in which peak-to-trough price declines exceeded 25%. Chart I-1EM Stock Prices: A Long-Term Perspective Of Bear Markets Table I-1 and Table I-2 illustrate EM equity corrections and bear markets over the past 30+ years, respectively. Median and mean EM equity market corrections have historically lasted one and a half to two months, with price drawdowns of 18% in U.S. dollar terms each (Table I-1). On the other hand, median and mean EM equity bear markets have lasted eight to 10 months, with share prices falling by 45% (Table I-2). The current selloff is already more than eight months old, with share prices down 25% in dollar terms. Its duration has by far surpassed that of previous corrections. Therefore, the current market action in the EM equity space qualifies as a bear market. If this bear market produces a drawdown of 45%, on par with the median bear market, it would require another 30% drop in EM share prices in dollar terms from current levels. The range of price declines of previous EM equity bear markets is between 31% and 67%. For the current selloff to match the lowest point of this range (31%), share prices should fall another 10%. These estimates should help investors conduct their own scenario analyses. Our bias is that there will likely be at least another 15% drop in EM share prices before the risk-reward profile of this asset class improves. The way this EM selloff has been evolving is more consistent with a bear market than a correction. As a rule, EM equity corrections are sharp but short-lived. Table 1 shows that EM equity corrections have typically lasted from one to three months. In corrections, all markets drop together at once. In contrast, bear markets are drawn out, and domino effects leading to rotational selloffs are the norm. The current episode corresponds more to this pattern. Initially, the EM market riot was concentrated among discernably vulnerable markets such as Turkey, Argentina and Brazil. Then, the epicenter of the selloff rotated to emerging Asia, where large equity markets including China, Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong took a beating1 (Chart I-2). Chart I-2EM: Rotational Selloffs A similar pattern of rotational selloffs prevailed in the 1997-'98 bear market in EM and in 2007-'08 in the U.S. (Chart I-3A and Chart I-3B). Chart I-3ARotational Selloffs During EM Bear Markets Chart I-3BRotational Selloffs During U.S. Credit Crisis In 2007-08 With the exception of bombed-out cases like Turkey and Argentina, there has been no panic-selling or forced liquidation. Although the current EM selloff has already been stretched out, it appears that selling has been rather reluctant. It would be unusual if a selloff of this magnitude and duration, occurring amid worsening EM/China growth and Fed tightening, does not culminate into liquidation/capitulation. We still expect such capitulation to occur. In fact, this would be one of the signposts for us to turn positive on EM. Bottom Line: Taking into account the duration and disposition of the current selloff, EM stocks are in a bear market, not a correction. That said, the magnitude of this drawdown (25%) is still smaller than the median price falloff (45%) and the range of price declines of previous EM bear markets. Hence, there is potentially another 10-30% price drop for EM stocks in dollar terms for this bear market to be on par with the smallest and median EM bear markets, respectively. Technical Signposts Of A Bear Market There are a number of technical signposts that are consistent with further downside in EM risk assets and currencies: Relative share price performance of EM versus DM has failed to break above its long-term moving average that has in the past served as an important technical support or resistance (Chart I-4). This entails that the relative bear market in EM versus DM is intact, and major fresh lows lie ahead. Chart I-4EM Versus DM: Relative Stock Prices In U.S. Dollars In absolute terms, the crest in EM share prices early this year was typical of a major top. The EM equity index has failed to break above its previous tops (Chart I-1 on page 1). This represents bearish price formation. Usually, when a market fails to break above its previous tops, a major downslide ensues. In short, the chart formation of EM stocks is in line with a bear market - not a correction. The breadth of the EM equity selloff has been extensive, entailing a genuine bear market. The stock market selloff has not been limited to large-cap names. Both the EM small-cap and equally-weighted stock indexes have in fact sold off more (Chart I-5). Chart I-5EM Equity Selloff Is Broad-Based The global equity sectors exposed to EM/China growth such as industrials, chemicals, mining and steel have all relapsed after failing to break above their 200-day moving averages (Chart I-6). This entails more downside in their share prices, and corroborates our view that global trade growth will deteriorate further. Chart I-6Global Cyclicals Are Breaking Down Asian semiconductor stocks are breaking down - another bad omen for global trade and Asian growth (Chart I-7). Chart I-7Asian Semiconductor Stocks Are Plunging U.S. Treasury yields as well as U.S. TIPS yields have broken out, and there is more upside to come. Odds are that U.S. interest rate expectations will continue to ratchet higher, which will weigh on EM currencies and risk assets. In terms of risks to our view, the technical profile of the U.S. dollar looks worrisome (Chart I-8). The broad trade-weighted greenback might potentially be forming a head-and-shoulder pattern. If the dollar relapses, EM risk assets will rally, and our negative stance on EM will turn out wrong. Chart I-8Trade-Weighted Broad U.S. Dollar: At A Vulnerable Spot? For now, however, we maintain that current global macro dynamics warrant a stronger dollar. In particular, a stronger dollar is required to redistribute growth away from the U.S. and towards the rest of the world.2 Specifically, the U.S. needs a strong dollar to cap budding inflation. For now, we view the recent dollar's softness as a short-term correction from overbought levels. Is A Replay Of February 2016 In Cards? A number of clients have been questioning whether current global macro dynamics - in certain aspects - is reminiscent of the peak in the dollar and the bottom in EM and global equity and credit markets that occurred in February 2016. Back then, the Fed paused its tightening cycle, and China's fiscal and credit stimulus put a floor under mainland growth. These measures combined marked a major top in the dollar and a bottom in EM risk assets. Presently, conditions are substantially different from those that prevailed during that time. In particular: Presently, there is no basis for the Fed to halt its tightening. The U.S. economy is now much stronger - nominal GDP growth is 5.4% versus 2.4% in the first quarter of 2016 (Chart I-9, top panel). Manufacturing production - excluding oil and mining output - is presently very robust (Chart I-9, middle panel). This stands in stark contrast to early 2016 when it was shrinking. Chart I-9U.S. Growth Is Much Stronger Today Than In Early 2016 Importantly, the U.S. output gap is positive, and core inflation is 2% and rising (Chart I-9, bottom panel). Overall, the Fed is not about to pause. On the contrary, U.S. interest rate expectations are still low relative to what is required to restrain America's growth and cap budding inflation. In short, the Fed is not about to rescue EM - not until the latter's financial and economic conditions deteriorate much more, U.S. asset prices fall considerably and the dollar appreciates sharply. In China, the fiscal and credit stimulus implemented so far has been insufficient to bolster growth. The impact of previous tightening is working its way through the economy, and the recent liquidity and fiscal stimuli have so far been insufficient to kick off a new business cycle upturn. We will re-visit this issue in next week's report. EM equities are not yet as cheap as they were at their 2016 lows, according to their cyclically adjusted P/E (CAPE) ratio (Chart I-10). Another 15% decline in EM share prices will bring the EM CAPE ratio to one standard deviation below its mean - the level where the EM CAPE ratio bottomed in early 2016. Chart I-10EM Cyclically-Adjusted P/E Ratio: Not Very Cheap Crucially, the CAPE ratio is a structural valuation metric. It matters for investment horizons beyond two to three years. It is not a useful gauge for the next 12 months or so. As such, even for long-term investors, the risk-reward trade-off for EM stocks is not yet favorable. Bottom Line: Conditions do not exist for the Fed to halt its tightening campaign. This, along with the currently limited stimulus from China and not-so-cheap EM equity valuations, entail that a major bottom in EM stocks is not in the cards. Arthur Budaghyan, Senior Vice President Emerging Markets Strategy arthurb@bcaresearch.com Downgrading Taiwanese Stocks 18 October 2018 We have been overweighting Taiwanese stocks within an EM equity portfolio since 2007, and this bourse has outperformed the EM index by 30% since that time (Chart II-1). Presently, odds of a pullback in relative performance have risen considerably, and we recommend reducing allocation to this bourse from overweight to neutral. Chart II-1Take Profits On Overweight Taiwanese Stocks Position With the exception of DRAM prices, semiconductor prices are collapsing (Chart II-2). This is a nail in the coffin for this semi- and technology hardware-heavy bourse. Chart II-2Deflation In Semiconductor Prices In the past, Taiwan has depreciated its currency to offset the impact of falling export prices in dollar terms on corporate profitability. This option is no longer available to the authorities. It seems the Trump administration has made it clear to the island that its political and military support partially hinges on Taiwan not intervening in the currency market. In short, the authorities will not be able to resort to material currency depreciation to fight deflation in manufacturing goods as they have in the past. This is bad news for Taiwan's manufacturing-heavy economy, and especially corporate profitability. Exports and manufacturing are decelerating (Chart II-3). Chart II-3Taiwan's Business Cycle Exports of electronic products parts lead non-financial EBITDA, and currently foreshadow a deteriorating profit outlook (Chart II-4). Chart II-4Taiwan: Corporate Profits Are At Risk The recent underperformance of Taiwanese small-cap stocks versus their EM peers is a red flag for the relative performance of large caps. Last but not least, Taiwan is extremely exposed to U.S.-China strategic tensions, as our geopolitical team has argued.3 Escalating geopolitical and strategic tensions between the U.S. and China are taking us closer to a point where these risks are set to materialize, and the risk premium on Taiwanese equities to rise. This will hurt Taiwanese stocks' performance in both absolute and relative terms. Bottom Line: We are downgrading our allocation to Taiwanese stocks from overweight to neutral within an EM equity portfolio. This bourse is also vulnerable in absolute terms. This shift is also consistent with our overall portfolio strategy of reducing equity allocations to Asia in favor of Latin America, as well as with our new equity trade of shorting emerging Asia versus Latin America - a recommendation we made last week. In emerging Asia, having downgraded Taiwan, we now remain overweight only in Korea and Thailand. Peru: An Unsustainable Divergence 18 October 2018 Relative performance of Peruvian equities to EM has been resilient over the past nine months despite falling industrial and precious metals prices and a buoyant dollar (Chart III-1, top panel). Banks, and in particular Peru's financial behemoth, Credicorp, have been the primary contributors to Peruvian market outperformance.4 Excluding banks from the stock index shows that non-financials stocks have not outperformed the EM benchmark since early 2017 (Chart III-1, bottom panel). Chart III-1Peruvian Relative Equity Performance Has Diverged From Metals Prices Is such a divergence between metals prices and Peru's relative equity performance sustainable over the coming year? We think not. Balance of payment (BoP) dynamics has historically driven the macro cycle in Peru. In 2016-17, a favorable external backdrop - high commodity prices and capital inflows into EM - led to a stable exchange rate that in turn allowed the Peruvian central bank to cut interest rates by 150bps. Domestic demand has recovered briskly. However, based on our overall global macro view, we expect Peru's BoP to deteriorate and the virtuous cycle to reverse for the time being. Terms of trade are set to deteriorate with lower industrial and precious metals prices. Mining exports represent 60% of total exports, and the drop in copper and gold prices will dampen the value of exports. Historically, the currency and share prices perform poorly when the trade balance deteriorates (Chart III-2). Chart III-2Current Account Dictates Currency And Equity Trends Importantly, a strong dollar and a global EM riot will lead to diminishing foreign portfolio inflows. Foreigners own 42% of the local fixed-income market and any currency weakness could prompt hedging of currency risk. This will necessitate the central bank (the BCRP) to intervene in the foreign exchange market to defend the sol. By doing so, the central bank will withdraw domestic liquidity - banks' excess reserves at the BCRP will shrink (Chart III-3). Tightening local currency liquidity will lead to higher interbank rates (Chart III-4). Chart III-3Central Bank Selling FX Reserves = Lower Domestic Liquidity Chart III-4Lower Domestic Liquidity = Higher Rates Rising interbank rates will dampen banks' net interest margin as well as constrain loan growth in the process. In short, banks' profitability will be materially affected. Interestingly, interest rates, shown as inverted in the chart, correlate with banks' share prices (Chart III-5, top panel). Chart III-5Higher Rates Will Hurt Bank Stocks Finally, a slowdown in the economy and higher borrowing costs, both local and U.S. dollar, will cause non-performing loans (NPLs) to rise. Banks will be forced to increase provisions for non-performing assets, hurting bank profits in the process (Chart III-5, bottom panel). In terms of financial markets implications, we have the following observations and recommendations to make: Peruvian stock prices have been unable to break above their previous highs in absolute terms, pointing to a major top (Chart III-6). Chart III-6A Major Top? We recommend maintaining an underweight allocation to Peru in an EM dedicated equity portfolio. A negative external backdrop - rising U.S. interest rates, a strong dollar and falling commodities prices - constitute a major headwind for this equity market. Fixed income investors with local market exposure should consider betting on curve flattening given the outlook of higher short-term rates and decelerating growth. Andrija Vesic, Research Analyst andrijav@bcaresearch.com 1 We discussed the domino effect in Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report "EM: Sustained Decoupling, Or Domino Effect?" dated June 14, 2018, the link is available on page 19. 2 Please see Emerging Markets Strategy Weekly Report "Desynchronization Compels Currency Adjustments," dated September 20, 2018, the link is available on page 19. 3 Please see Geopolitical Strategy/Emerging Markets Strategy Special Report "Taiwan Is A Potential Black Swan," dated March 30, 2018, the link is available on ems.bcaresearch.com 4 Credicorp constitutes 70% of the Peru MSCI Index. Equity Recommendations Fixed-Income, Credit And Currency Recommendations

Highlights The long term direction for the pound is higher... ...but as the EU withdrawal bill passes through the U.K. parliament, expect a very hairy ride. The stock markets in Norway, Sweden and Denmark are driven by energy, industrials, and biotech respectively. Upgrade Sweden to neutral and downgrade Denmark to underweight. Think of semiconductors as twenty-first century commodities. Overweight the semiconductor sector versus broader technology indexes. Chart of the WeekBritish Public Opinion On Brexit Is Shifting Feature The Brexit drama is playing out exactly as scripted (Chart I-2). Chart I-2The Pound Is Following The Brexit Drama In July, we wrote: "The U.K. government's much hyped 'Chequers' proposal for Brexit risks getting a cold shower... the EU27 will almost instantaneously reject the proposed division between goods and services as 'cherry-picking' from its indivisible four freedoms - goods, services, capital, and people... the rejection will be based not just on the EU's founding principles, but also on the practical realities of a modern economy - specifically, the distinction between goods and services has become increasingly blurred." 1 Hence, the Chequers proposal to avoid a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic is just wishful thinking: "The Irish border trilemma will remain unsolved, leaving a 'backstop' option of Northern Ireland remaining in the EU single market - an outcome that will be politically unpalatable." 2 What happens next? Understanding Brexit In a sense, Brexit is very simple. The EU27 sees only three options for the long-term political and economic relationship between the U.K. and the EU. Remain in the EU (no Brexit). Plug into an off-the-shelf setup, either the European Economic Area (EEA), European Free Trade Association (EFTA), or a permanent customs union, which already establish the EU relationship with Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland (soft Brexit). Become a 'third country' to the EU like, for example, Canada (hard Brexit). The first option, to stay in the EU, is politically impossible unless a new U.K. referendum overturned the original referendum's vote to leave. The second option, to join the EEA, EFTA, or permanent customs union is very difficult for Theresa May - because it is strongly opposed by many of the Conservative government's ministers and members of parliament who regard the option as 'Brino' (Brexit in name only). However, in a significant recent development, the opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn has committed the Labour party to a Brexit that keeps the U.K. in a permanent customs union.3 The third option, to become a 'third country', would very likely require some sort of border in Ireland. As already discussed, the only way to avoid a border would be a perfect alignment between the U.K and EU on tariffs and regulations for goods and services. But then, there would be little point in becoming a third country. Here's the crucial issue. The EU27 does not know which option the U.K. will eventually take, yet it must provide an 'all-weather' safeguard for the Good Friday peace agreement, requiring no border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Therefore, the EU27 will need the withdrawal agreement to commit: either the whole of the U.K. to a potentially permanent customs union with the EU; or Northern Ireland to a potentially permanent customs separation from the rest of the U.K. - in effect, breaking up the U.K by creating a border between Britain and Northern Ireland. Clearly, the hard Brexiters and/or Northern Ireland unionist MPs will vote down a withdrawal bill which contains either of these commitments, thereby wiping out Theresa May's slender majority. The intriguing question is: might Labour MPs - or enough of them - vote for a potentially permanent customs union to get the soft Brexit they want? Labour would be torn between the national interest and the party interest, as it would be missing a golden opportunity to topple the Conservative government. If the withdrawal bill musters a majority, it would remove the prospect of a 'no deal' Brexit and the pound would rally - because it would liberate the Bank of England to hike interest rates more aggressively (Chart I-3 and Chart I-4). If the bill failed, the government and specifically Theresa May would be badly wounded. She might call a general election there and then. Chart I-3Absent Brexit, U.K. Interest Rates Would Be Higher Chart I-4Absent Brexit, U.K. Interest Rates Would Be Higher If May limped on, parliament would nevertheless have the final say on whether to proceed with a no deal Brexit. And the parliamentary arithmetic indicates that a clear majority of MPs would vote against proceeding over the cliff-edge. At this point with the government paralysed, the only way to unlock the paralysis would be to go back to the people. Either in a general election or in a new referendum, the key issue for the public would be a choice between one of the three aforementioned options for the U.K./EU long-term relationship - because by then, it would be clear that those are the only options on offer. Based on a clear recent shift in British public opinion, the preference is more likely to be for a soft (or no) Brexit than to become a third country (Chart of the Week). Bottom Line: The long term direction for the pound is higher but, as the withdrawal bill passes through parliament, expect a very hairy ride. Understanding Scandinavian Stock Markets The Scandinavian countries - Norway, Sweden, and Denmark - have many things in common: their languages, cultures, and lifestyles, to name just a few. However, when it comes to their stock markets, the three countries could not be more different. Looking at the three bourses, each has a defining dominant sector (or sectors) whose market weighting swamps all others. In Norway, oil and gas accounts for over 40 percent of the market; in Sweden, industrials accounts for 30 percent of the market and financials accounts for another 30 percent; and in Denmark, healthcare accounts for 50 percent of the market (Table I-1). Table I-1The Scandinavian Stock Markets Could Not Be More Different! In a sense, the dominant equity market sectors in Norway and Sweden just reflect their economies. Norway has a large energy sector; Sweden specializes in advanced industrial equipment and machinery and it also has very high level of private sector indebtedness, explaining the outsized weighting in banks. However, Denmark's equity market - dominated as it is by Novo Nordisk, which is essentially a biotech company - has little connection with Denmark's economy. The important point is that the four dominant sectors - oil and gas, industrials, financials, and biotech - each outperform or underperform as global (or at least pan-regional) sectors. If oil and gas outperforms, it outperforms everywhere and not just locally. It follows that the relative performance of the four dominant equity sectors drives the relative stock market performances of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Norway versus Sweden = Energy versus Industrials (Chart I-5) Chart I-5Norway Vs. Sweden = Energy Vs. Industrials Norway versus Denmark = Energy versus Biotech (Chart I-6) Chart I-6Norway Vs. Denmark = Energy Vs. Biotech Sweden versus Denmark = Industrials and Financials versus Biotech (Chart I-7) Chart I-7Sweden Vs. Denmark = Industrials And Financials Vs. Biotech Last week, we upgraded some of the more classical cyclical sectors to a relative overweight. Our argument was that if an inflationary impulse is dominating, beaten-down cyclicals have more upside than the more richly-valued equity sectors; and if a disinflationary impulse from higher bond yields is dominating, its main casualty will be the more richly-valued equity sectors. On this basis, our ranking of the four sectors is: Industrials, Financials, Energy, Biotech. Which means the ranking of the Scandinavian stock markets is: Sweden, Norway, Denmark. Bottom Line: From a pan-European perspective, upgrade Sweden to neutral and downgrade Denmark to underweight. Understanding Semiconductors The best way to understand semiconductors is to think of them as twenty-first century commodities. In the twentieth century, many everyday goods and products contained a classical commodity such as copper. Today, the ubiquity of electronic gadgets, devices, and screens contains a twenty-first century equivalent: the microchip. Hence, semiconductors are to the tech world what classical commodities are to the non-tech world. They exhibit exactly the same cycle of relative performance. If, as we expect, beaten-down industrial commodities outperform, it follows that the beaten-down semiconductor sector will outperform broader technology indexes (Chart I-8). Chart I-8Semiconductors Follow The Commodity Cycle Bottom Line: Overweight the semiconductor sector versus technology. Dhaval Joshi, Senior Vice President Chief European Investment Strategist dhaval@bcaresearch.com 1 For example, the sale of a car is no longer the sale of just a good. As car companies often structure the financing of the car purchase, a car purchase can be a hybrid of a good - the car itself, and a service - the financing package. Therefore, a single market for cars requires a single market for both goods and services. 2 The Irish border trilemma comprises: 1. the U.K./EU land border between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic; 2. the Good Friday peace agreement requiring the absence of any physical border within Ireland; 3.the Northern Ireland unionists' refusal to countenance a U.K./EU border at the Irish Sea, which would entail a customs border between Northern Ireland and the rest of the U.K. 3 At the Labour Party's just-held 2018 conference, Jeremy Corbyn made a commitment to joining a permanent U.K./EU customs union. Fractal Trading Model* This week's recommended trade comes from Down Under. The 25% outperformance of Australian telecoms (driven by Telstra) versus insurers (driven by IAG and AMP) over the past 3 months appears technically extended, with a 65-day fractal dimension at a level that has regularly indicated the start of a countertrend move. Therefore, the recommended trade is short Australian telecoms versus insurers, setting a profit target of 7% and a symmetrical stop-loss. In other trades, long CRB Industrial commodities versus MSCI World Index achieved its profit target very quickly, leaving four open trades. For any investment, excessive trend following and groupthink can reach a natural point of instability, at which point the established trend is highly likely to break down with or without an external catalyst. An early warning sign is the investment's fractal dimension approaching its natural lower bound. Encouragingly, this trigger has consistently identified countertrend moves of various magnitudes across all asset classes. Chart I-9 The post-June 9, 2016 fractal trading model rules are: When the fractal dimension approaches the lower limit after an investment has been in an established trend it is a potential trigger for a liquidity-triggered trend reversal. Therefore, open a countertrend position. The profit target is a one-third reversal of the preceding 13-week move. Apply a symmetrical stop-loss. Close the position at the profit target or stop-loss. Otherwise close the position after 13 weeks. Use the position size multiple to control risk. The position size will be smaller for more risky positions. * For more details please see the European Investment Strategy Special Report "Fractals, Liquidity & A Trading Model," dated December 11, 2014, available at eis.bcaresearch.com Fractal Trading Model Recommendations Equities Bond & Interest Rates Currency & Other Positions Closed Fractal Trades Trades Closed Trades Asset Performance Currency & Bond Equity Sector Country Equity Indicators Bond Yields Chart I-1Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart I-2Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart I-3Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Chart I-4Indicators To Watch - Bond Yields Interest Rate Chart I-5Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart I-6Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart I-7Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations Chart I-8Indicators To Watch - Interest Rate Expectations

Special Report

Highlights The pace of "de-capacity" reforms in China will continue to diminish, with declining shutdowns of inefficient capacity and rising advanced capacity over the next 12-15 months. Coal prices may have less downside than steel prices due to more resilient domestic demand, and lower production growth for the former than the latter. Meanwhile, iron ore prices may have limited downside and could outperform steel prices due to increasing shutdowns of domestic iron ore mines. Go long September 2019 thermal coal and iron ore futures versus September 2019 steel rebar futures. Chinese coal producers' shares may outperform Chinese steel producers' shares. Feature This April, our Special Report titled, "Revisiting China's 'De-Capacity' Reforms," painted a negative picture for steel and coal prices over 2018 and 2019 on diminishing pace of "de-capacity" reforms and rising steel and coal output.1 So far, our call has not yet played out. Both steel and coal prices have been firm over the past five months (Chart 1A). Meanwhile, iron ore and coking coal have also rebounded (Chart 1B). Chart 1ASteel And Coal Prices: More Upside Ahead? Chart 1BIron Ore And Coking Coal Prices: Following Steel And Coal Prices? In this report, we return to the analysis we laid out back in April, with the goal of identifying whether or not the rally in steel and coal prices will continue. Another major question to answer is why share prices of coal and steel companies have continued to plunge, even though coal and steel prices have held up well. In brief, our research findings still suggest that steel and coal prices are likely to fall over the next 12-15 months on a diminishing pace of de-capacity (less shutdowns of old capacity) and rising advanced capacity. We also reckon that coal prices may have less downside than steel prices over the next 12-15 months due to more resilient domestic demand and smaller production growth compared to steel; we conclude by outlining a long/short trade opportunity tied to this view. Understanding The Recent Price Rally The recent strength in both steel and coal prices has been due to a tighter supply-demand balance than we expected: Steel Falling steel product output and still-solid steel demand growth have pushed up steel prices this year. While crude steel production has had strong growth so far this year (9% year-on-year and 50 million tons in volume), total output of steel product has actually declined by 20 million tons (2.7%) year-on-year during the same period (Chart 2). Steel products, including rebars, wire rods, sheets and other items, are made from crude steel and consumed in end consumption. Tianjin province - a city very close to Beijing - accounted for more than 100% of the reduction of steel product output, as 40% of the province's operating capacity was shut down due to the city's "de-capacity" policy and increasingly stringent environmental regulations. In addition, Chinese steel products production had already experienced huge cut last year by nearly 100 million due to the government's "Ditiaogang" de-capacity policy.2 As a result, strong crude steel output growth this year has not been able to lift steel product production from contraction, creating a shortage in Chinese steel product supply. To put it in perspective, total steel products production for the first eight months of this year is at a five-year low. Chart 2Falling Steel Product Output Amid Strong Crude Steel Production Growth Chart 3Steel Demand Has Been Robust As Well Meanwhile, massive pledged supplementary lending (PSL) injections - the People's Bank of China's direct lending to the real estate market - had extended property sales and starts beyond what appeared to be a sustainable trajectory, thereby lifting steel demand to some extent3 (Chart 3). Hence, weaker-than-expected steel products supply combined with slightly better demand than we anticipated have tightened the Chinese domestic steel market further, and underpinned high steel prices. Coal Similarly, the rebound in coal prices has also been due to declining output and strong demand growth. Chinese coal output turned out to be much weaker than we expected due to extremely stringent and frequent environmental and safety inspections on coal output (Chart 4). Back in mid-2017, in order to curb pollution, China demanded that coal mines plant trees, boost efficiency, cut down noise and seal off facilities from the outside world as part of a new "green mining" plan. This year's inspection have been even more stringent. Operations among coal mines, coal-washing plants and coal storage facilities were halted immediately if inspection teams found they failed to meet the related standards. As a result, Chinese coal production contracted 1% for the first eight months of this year. Chart 4Weaker-Than-Expected Coal Output Chart 5Resilient Thermal Coal Demand On the demand side, electricity generation from thermal power has remained quite robust at 7% (Chart 5). Again, coal prices have rebounded as the domestic coal supply-demand balance has tightened. Will Steel And Coal Prices Continue To Rise? The short answer is no. Many of the drivers underpinning the recent rally in steel and coal prices are set to fade over the next 12-15 months: Steel Steel prices will likely weaken in 2019 on rising steel product output and faltering steel demand growth. First, production of both crude steel and steel products will rise considerably next year, as the steel sector's de-capacity target is almost reached and new advanced capacity will come on stream faster to replace old or inefficient capacity that has already exited the market. Table 1 showed the 82% of this year's steel de-capacity target was already achieved by the end of July, leaving not much in the way of additional de-capacity cuts needed through the remainder of 2018. If this year's de-capacity cut target of 30 million tons is fulfilled over the next two months, there will be no need for any more capacity cuts in 2019, as the high end of the 2016-2020 de-capacity target (150 million tons) will be fully met this year. Table 1Supply-Side Reform - Capacity Reduction Target And Actual Achievement Record-high profit margins that Chinese steel producers are currently enjoying will also help boost steel production (Chart 6). This was the main driver behind this year's strong growth in crude steel output, despite more stringent environmental policies and ongoing de-capacity efforts. In addition, falling graphite electrode prices and increasing graphite electrode production will facilitate the expansion of cleaner electric furnace (EF) steel capacity and production in China (Chart 7). Chart 6Steel Producers' Profit Margin: At A Record High Chart 7Rising Graphite Electrode Supply Will Facilitate EF Steel Output EF technology uses scrap steel as raw materials, graphite electrodes and electricity to produce crude steel. The availability of graphite electrode has been one major bottleneck for the development of EF capacity. As of late 2017, there were about 524,000 tons of new graphite electrode capacity under construction, most of which will be completed within the next two years. This will nearly double the current capacity of 590,000 tons. As this capacity gradually enters into the market, graphite electrode prices will drop further, encouraging more EF steel projects. In 2017, newly added EF steel capacity was about 30 million tons, and EF steel production increased by about 24 million tons (47% year-on-year). With rising graphite electrode supply, EF capacity this year is expected to add 40 million tons, resulting in about a 25-30 million ton increase in EF steel output. In 2019, based on the government's goal of 15% of total steel production being EF steel by 2020, we expect another 25-30 million tons new EF capacity to come online. This alone would translate into 3-4% rise in steel product production in 2019. Second, while steel supply is rising, the demand outlook seems more pessimistic. Our September 13 Special Report titled, "China's Property Market: Where Will It Go From Here?" concluded that the Chinese property market is facing increasing downside risks. Diminishing PSL direct financing from the central bank and shrinking funding sources for Chinese real estate developers point to a considerable slowdown in property starts and construction, which will eventually lead to faltering demand for steel. Chinese auto output growth is weak, with the three-month moving average growth registering a 6% contraction this September. The government has boosted infrastructure projects. This will support steel demand to some extent, but it is unlikely to offset demand weakness from the down-trending property market. The property market is the biggest steel-consuming sector, accounting for 38% of total Chinese steel consumption - much higher than the 23% share from the infrastructure sector. Bottom Line: Steel prices may stay high over the next two or three months due to low inventories and heating-season production controls within the steel industry. Nonetheless, steel prices are vulnerable to the downside over the next 12-15 months on rising steel product output and faltering steel demand growth. Coal Coal prices will likely decline over the next 12-15 months, but the price downside may be less than that of steel. First, on the supply side, coal output will rise only moderately (i.e., 2-3%) in 2019. There are three drivers pushing up Chinese coal output. The government in May asked domestic coal producers to ramp up coal output, as current coal market supply has been tight this year. Particularly, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) demanded that the top three coal produce provinces (Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia) increase their aggregated coal output by at least 300,000 tons per day as soon as possible. However, the June-July environmental inspections within the major producing province of Mongolia resulted in a 14 million ton year-on-year drop in the province's coal output. If the 300,000 ton per day increase is realized in 2019, it will be equivalent to nearly 100 million tons of new coal supply next year, which is about 2.8% growth from 2017's output of 3.52 billion tons. Based on government data, 660 million tons of capacity is currently under construction, which includes new technologically advanced capacity that has already been built and ready to use but has not yet received government approval. If 30% of the under-construction capacity comes to market in 2019 and runs at a capacity utilization rate of 70%, it will translate into about 140 million tons of new coal supply next year, which is about 4% growth from last year. Due to too-strict production policies during the winter heating season, there was a coal supply crisis last winter. This year, the government is likely to implement a less stringent production policy for coal. In this case, coal producers will likely produce more to take advantage of seven-year-high profit margins (Chart 8). Chart 8Coal Producers' Profit Margin: At A Multi-Year High However, at the same time there are also two drivers dragging down coal output. Table 1 above shows that at the end of July, only 53% of this year's coal de-capacity target and 65% of the government's 2016-2020 coal capacity reduction target had been achieved. This implies that Chinese coal producers still need to cut 70 million tons of old coal capacity through the remainder of 2018 and another 210 million tons of inefficient capacity in the coming two years (2019 and 2020) - possibly 105 million tons of cuts in each year. Similar to steel, coal de-capacity reforms are also diminishing (e.g. a 150-million ton reduction target in 2018 versus a 105 million-ton reduction target in 2019). However, different from steel, the remaining de-capacity target for coal is still quite significant. With continuing the implementation of its de-capacity plan, excluding the three major producing provinces, the remaining provinces that in general have smaller-scale coal mines may face further cuts in their coal production. For the first eight months of this year, 13 out of the 22 non-top-three coal-producing provinces registered a contraction in coal output. Environmental policies will likely remain strict, given the country seems determined to improve its air quality. More frequent inspection and/or stricter policies will further curb coal production. On balance, we still expect overall coal output to increase moderately (i.e., 2-3%) next year. Second, on the demand side, coal demand growth will weaken only slightly due to robust thermal coal consumption for thermal power generation (Chart 5 above). We expect Chinese electricity consumption to grow at 5-6% next year - a touch lower than this year - on strong demand from both the residential and service sectors. Most of the growth will likely be supplied by thermal power, as some 72% of total electricity generation is currently thermal power. In addition, the government has limited hydropower and nuclear power projects coming onstream next year. In the meantime, coal consumption for heating will likely be replaced by natural gas or electricity, and coking coal demand may fall due to EF steel expansion and more use of scrap steel in blast furnaces. Bottom Line: Coal prices are likely to head south on rising supply and weakening demand growth next year. In addition, we expect coal prices to fall less than steel prices over the next 12-15 months on a tighter supply-demand balance for the former than the latter. What About The Iron Ore Market? The outlook for iron ore prices is becoming less downbeat. Iron ore prices may have limited downside and could outperform steel prices over the next 12-15 months - due to increasing shutdowns of mainland iron ore mines. Government data show that Chinese domestic iron ore output contracted 40% year-on-year in the first eight months of this year (Chart 9). About 60% of the decline was from Hebei - the province that has probably imposed the strictest environmental policies among all the provinces targeting ferrous- and coal- related industries - due to its proximity to the capital, Beijing. Chart 9Significant Drop In Domestic Iron Ore Output Profit margins for iron ore miners has tanked to a 15-year low due to rising production costs on environmental protections. The number of loss-making enterprises as a share of the total number of iron ore companies has reached a record high (Chart 10). Although EF steel capacity additions will contribute to most of the growth in crude steel output next year, non-EF crude steel capacity, which uses iron ore as its main input, will also increase to some extent. This will also lift iron ore demand, which will lead to further declines in port inventories and rising imports (Chart 11). Chart 10Iron Ore Producers' Profit Margin: At A 15-Year Low Chart 11Chinese Iron Ore Imports Are Likely To Go Up Bottom Line: We are less bearish on iron ore prices and expect them to outperform steel prices. Chinese iron ore imports will likely grow again. Investment Implications Three main investment implications can be drawn from our analysis. Price ratios of thermal coal/steel rebar and iron ore/steel rebar have fallen to record low levels (Chart 12). As we expect thermal coal and iron ore prices to outperform steel, we recommend going long September 2019 thermal coal futures/short September 2019 steel rebar futures and going long September 2019 iron ore futures/short September 2019 steel rebar futures on Chinese exchanges in RMB. Chinese coal imports including both thermal coal and coking coal could remain strong, which would at a margin be positive news for Chinese major coal importers Australia, Indonesia, Russia and Mongolia. In the meantime, Chinese iron ore imports are likely to rebound in 2019 as well. This will be positive news for producers in Australia, Brazil and South Africa. Chart 12Both Thermal Coal And Iron Ore Will Likely Outperform Steel Chart 13Coal Producers' Shares May Outperform Steel Producers' Stocks Despite stubbornly high coal and steel prices, Chinese share prices of coal producers and steel producers have still plunged (Chart 13, top and middle panel). From a top-down standpoint, it is hard to explain such poor share price performance among Chinese steel and coal companies when their profits have been booming. Our hunch is that these companies have been forced by the government to shoulder the debt of their peer companies that were shut down. This is an example of how the government can force shareholders of profitable companies to bear losses from restructuring by merging zombie companies into profitable ones. Based on our analysis, Chinese steel producers' share prices are still at risk of falling steel prices, while coal-producing companies may benefit from rising production and limited downside in coal prices. Hence, Chinese coal producers' shares may continue to outperform steel producers' shares with the price ratio of the former versus the latter just rebounding from three-year lows (Chart 13, bottom panel). Ellen JingYuan He, Associate Vice President Emerging Markets Strategy EllenJ@bcaresearch.com 1 Pease see Emerging Markets Strategy Special Reports "China's 'De-Capacity' Reforms: Where Steel & Coal Prices Are Headed", dated November 22, 2017, and "Revisiting China's De-Capacity Reforms", dated April 26, 2018, available at ems.bcaresearch.com. 2 Ditiaogang" is low-quality steel made by melting scrap metal in cheap and easy-to-install induction furnaces. These steel products are of poor quality and also lead to environmental degradation. As "Ditiaogang" is illegal in China, it is not recorded in official crude steel production data. However, after it is converted into steel products, official steel products production data do include it. Consequently, last year's significant removal of "Ditiaogang" and statistical issues have caused the big divergence between crude steel production expansion and steel products output contraction since then. 3 Pease see China Investment Strategy Special Report "China's Property Market: Where Will It Go From Here?", dated September 13, 2018, available at cis.bcaresearch.com. Cyclical Investment Stance Equity Sector Recommendations

Special Report

Highlights A supply-driven spike in oil prices in early 2019 is now a highly likely scenario. This represents a potential risk to our current high-conviction view that global bond yields will continue to rise over the next year. Oil prices north of $100/bbl would have negative implications for global growth, especially with a rising U.S. dollar likely to magnify the inflationary impact outside the U.S. A spike in oil prices could alter the recent positive correlation between global bond yields and oil (through higher inflation expectations), even turning into a negative correlation (through weaker expected economic growth). The most reliable historical correlations suggests that more volatile oil prices will lead to greater volatility for both bond yields and corporate credit spreads. Feature The BCA house view remains unequivocally bond bearish, led by additional upside potential for U.S. Treasury yields. The Fed will continue to deliver a steady pace of rate hikes over at least the next year in response to a strong U.S. economy that is fueled by fiscal stimulus and operating well beyond full employment. U.S. bond markets are not discounting enough potential tightening and inflation expectations remain below levels consistent with the Fed's 2% inflation target, so Treasury yields have room to rise further. While we are comfortable with our high-conviction bearish view on government bonds, we recognize that it is prudent to look for potential scenarios that could derail our base-case scenario. Especially since our once out-of-consensus expectation of higher global yields is now a widely-held view among investors, with Treasury yields breaking out to new cyclical highs in recent weeks. One such risk could come from a spike in oil prices in early 2019, and its potential aftermath. A confluence of geopolitical (Iran, Venezuela) and monetary policy risks (Fed tightening, rising U.S. dollar) will likely stoke oil price volatility next year. This will eventually lead to higher bond market volatility both in developed markets (DM) and emerging markets (EM) - a relationship that has had a far more reliable correlation over time than the direct relationship between oil prices and yields (Chart 1). Chart 1Oil Vol & Bond Vol Are Linked In this joint Special Report, BCA's Commodity & Energy Strategy and Global Fixed Income Strategy services explore how a changing relationship between oil and interest rates could affect the future behavior of global bond markets and, by association, returns to fixed income portfolios. Growing Odds Of A 2019 Oil Price Spike Global oil markets are tightening. While oil demand growth is slowing somewhat, exports from two of OPEC's largest producers - Iran and Venezuela - are falling precipitously. U.S. sanctions against the former, and the unabated collapse in the latter's economy will together remove some 2mm barrels/day (b/d) of supply from an already tight market next year. Global oil inventories are drawing down, while spare capacity is perilously low, leaving little in the way of readily available backup supply to deal with an unplanned production outage even in a minor oil-exporting state. The confluence of these factors is setting the global oil market up for a supply shock, which could take prices to $100/bbl in 1Q19 (Chart 2).1 Those high prices are likely to be sustained, and we expect Brent crude oil, the global benchmark, to trade at $95/bbl on average over the course of next year. Chart 2Get Ready For $100/bbl Oil In Q1 2019 Against this physical reality, the Fed remains set to continue normalizing interest rates. With other major central banks remaining relatively accommodative, widening rate differentials (Chart 3) will continue to support the U.S. dollar (USD). This will, all else equal, increase the cost of oil in local currency terms outside the U.S., hitting EM economies particularly hard if the price move is both as large, and as rapid, as we expect. Chart 3Rate Differentials Will Remain USD-Supportive It is important here to differentiate between a steady demand-driven rise in the price of oil and a rapid supply-driven oil price spike. The former can be bond-bearish by pushing up the inflation expectations components of global bond yields at a time when strong economic growth is also pushing up real bond yields. An oil price spike, however, can eventually produce a DIS-inflationary impulse by depressing real economic growth and destroying oil demand, which ultimately lowers oil prices, inflation expectations and real yields. The IMF, in its most recent World Economic Outlook, highlighted a scenario for 2019 where a big enough rise in oil prices could even cause the Fed to reverse its rates-normalization policies.2 While this is not BCA's base case view, a period of sharply higher oil prices in 1Q19 followed by lower prices in 2H19 would whipsaw global oil markets and raise oil price volatility. History suggests that bond price volatility is likely to also increase in the process, both for government bonds (through more uncertainty over the future path of inflation and policy rates) and corporate bonds (though more uncertainty over future economic growth). Expect Higher Bond Volatility As Oil Volatility Rises Since the end of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), oil volatility has strongly influenced volatility in DM and EM bond markets. Indeed, we find all grades of corporate and junk bonds grouped together are highly correlated with oil volatility in the post-GFC period. We expect this to continue going forward, as oil inventories are drawn down globally to meet consumer demand for refined petroleum products like gasoline, diesel fuel, chemicals and plastics. The drawdown in global inventories shows up in a backwardated oil-price forward curve, which reflects the increasing inelasticity of supply.3 This means prices have to adjust more frequently and sharply to equilibrate available supply with demand, producing higher volatility in oil prices (Chart 4). Chart 4Implied Volatilities Will Rise As OECD Storage Falls Using principal components analysis (PCA), we find a high pairwise correlation between oil and bond volatility since 2010. The first principal component (PC) of all grades of corporate and junk bonds grouped together varies strongly with oil volatility, with a correlation of 0.80. Importantly, this component explains 91% of the variability in the group (Chart 5).4 EM bond spreads for smaller issuers like Chile, Peru, Hungary, Poland, Turkey, Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, and Malaysia are also heavily influenced by greater variability of oil prices, with the first PC of this group highly correlated with oil volatility. Chart 5Oil Volatility Leads To Bond Volatility It comes as no surprise that our U.S. Bond Strategy group, headed by Ryan Swift, has found that lower-quality corporate bonds (i.e., junk) have a high correlation with oil volatility, as do lower-quality corporate spreads (Chart 6). As Ryan noted in a recent report: "there is no consistent correlation between the level of oil prices and junk spreads. However, there is a correlation between implied volatility in the crude oil market and junk spreads, with higher implied vol coinciding with wider spreads and vice-versa. ... The bottom line for junk investors is that a supply shock in the oil market would most likely lead to a steep backwardation in the futures curve and an increase in implied oil volatility. An increase in implied oil volatility will translate into a higher risk premium embedded in junk spreads."5 Chart 6Higher Oil Vol = Wider Junk Spreads Oil Volatility Leads To Credit Spread Widening Thus, the oil price spike that we are expecting in 2019 should make corporate bond investors more cautious on the outlook for credit spread and expected returns. BCA's bond strategists have already been expecting to shift to an underweight stance on U.S. corporate debt sometime in 2019 as the Fed moves to a restrictive monetary stance and investors begin to cut U.S. growth expectations and anticipate increased future credit downgrades and defaults. A sharp upward move in oil prices in 1Q19 may prove to be the trigger for that shift to a more bearish outlook on credit. Could An Oil Price Spike Change The Fed's Current Thinking? The combination of an oil price spike and a stronger USD that we anticipate would present a considerable headwind to EM economic growth. Econometric modelling work done by BCA Commodity & Energy Strategy shows that there is a strong correlation between EM growth and U.S. inflation (see Box 1).6 Correlation is not causation, of course, but there is a plausible mechanism for that correlation through the USD, which impacts both EM growth and U.S. inflation. Box 1 Modeling The Links Between The USD, EM & Inflation The two risks we highlight in this Special Report - an oil-price shock in 1Q19 that occurs while the Fed is tightening - have profound implications for EM economies, which makes them particularly important for fixed-income markets globally.7 The near-term effects of an oil-supply shock that quickly sent prices above $100/bbl will hit EM consumers particularly hard. Many governments relaxed or removed fuel subsidies shielding consumers from high oil prices following the OPEC-engineered oil-price collapse of 2014 - 16, which saw Brent crude oil prices - the global benchmark - fall from more than $110/bbl in 1H14 to close to $25/bbl in early 2016.8 An oil-price spike would consume a far larger share of EM households' disposable income now, and would reduce aggregate demand. The second risk - tightening of the Fed's monetary policy - is more complicated. The U.S. economy separated itself from the rest of the world with strong growth this year, partly aided by fiscal stimulus. As a result, the U.S. economy is operating beyond full employment, and wages are growing smartly. This growth allows the Fed to tighten monetary policy, which likely produces four policy-rate rate hikes this year, and, per our House view, four next year. On the back of the Fed's rates-normalization policy, the U.S. trade-weighted dollar appreciated ~ 8% this year. We expect continued strength next year. As the dollar strengthens, EM trade volumes slow. This is partly a result of rising local-currency costs ex U.S., as most commodities are priced in USD. Trade volumes - particularly imports - are closely tied to EM incomes: The World Bank estimates the income elasticity of trade in EM economies averaged 1.5% from 2000-07 p.a., and 1.2% from 2010-17, meaning a 1% increase in income has led to a roughly 1.4% growth in trade over this period.9 Falling trade volumes correspond with weakening or falling income in EM economies. Part of this likely is explained by the expansion and deepening of Global Supply Chains (GSCs) over the past two decades, which fueled the rapid rise in trade of intermediate goods globally, and EM incomes in the process.10 To examine the impact of a rising dollar on EM income, we estimated a regression for the level of EM import volumes using an ensemble of models for the broad trade-weighted index (TWIB) USD as an explanatory variable.11 Our modeling indicates that a 1% increase in our USD TWIB ensemble translates into a 0.33% decline in EM import volumes (Chart 7).12 Chart 7Strong Dollar Dampens EM Trade Volumes Downward Trend In EM Trade Will Continue As USD Strengthens ... Next, we wanted to take these results and have a closer look at inflation, since, as noted above, wage and price pressures have been transmitted globally through GSCs for the better part of the 21st century. This is a phenomenon that accelerates as GSCs are broadened and deepened. More precisely, we wanted to examine the global aspects of local inflation in DM and EM economies.13 To do this, we look at the level of the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) as a function of EM import volumes. Our modeling indicates that a 1% change in the level of EM import volumes as a function of the USD TWIB translates to a change (in the same direction) in the level of U.S. CPI of between 0.15% and 0.25% - estimated over the post-GFC period (2010 to now). This reflects both the direct and indirect effects of EM incomes on domestic inflation in the U.S. (Chart 8): Chart 8U.S. CPI Vs EM Import Volumes U.S. CPI Vs EM Import Volumes A stronger USD lowers expected U.S. inflation by reducing the cost of imports. EM disposable income growth slows as the USD rises, because the local-currency costs of imports rise and consumes more of available household budgets. Our modeling isolates the common deterministic trend between the U.S. CPI and EM import volumes from the cyclical variations. In fact, these two variables expressed in levels exhibit a strong and stable common trend.14 The U.S. trade-weighted dollar index has already appreciated 8% this year, with more upside likely in the next 6-12 months (Chart 9).15 This would widen the existing sharp divergence between a strong U.S. economy and weaker non-U.S. growth, putting even more upward pressure on the USD. This would represent an additional tightening of U.S. monetary conditions on top of the Fed rate hikes that have already occurred since late 2015. Chart 9Expect Continued USD Appreciation BCA's bond strategy services have described a concept known as the "Fed Policy Loop" to explain the link between global growth divergences, a rising USD, financial market volatility and eventual shifts in the Fed's hawkish bias. Such a move occurred in late 2015/early 2016, when the Fed had to delay additional increases beyond the initial 25bp rate hike of the current tightening cycle because of a soaring USD and global financial market instability (Chart 10). Chart 10Is The Fed Policy Loop: Watch U.S. Credit Spreads The current backdrop shares some characteristics with that episode, in terms of growth divergences (top panel), USD strength and wider EM credit spreads (second panel). The missing piece today is a large widening of U.S. credit spreads, and U.S. credit market underperformance versus Treasuries (third panel). The U.S. economy is in a much healthier place now compared to three years ago, which is why credit spreads have remained much better behaved in 2018. The global backdrop is also far less disinflationary, with the global output gap now closed and inflation expectations drifting back towards pre-crisis levels consistent with central bank inflation targets (Chart 11). Investors should focus on U.S. corporate bond spreads for signs that a stronger USD is starting to impact U.S. corporate profits and future U.S. growth expectations. This would be the most likely potential trigger for the Fed to pause on its current tightening path, as occurred in early 2016 (bottom panel). Importantly, we firmly believe that the Fed's hurdle for backing off the rate hikes from a tightening of financial conditions is much higher now because the U.S. economy is stronger today. A "garden variety" equity market correction, without much widening of corporate spreads, will not be enough. Investment Implications What we have laid out in this report is a risk to the current BCA house views on global duration exposure (stay below-benchmark) and global credit exposure (stay neutral, but favoring the U.S. over Europe and EM) - a supply-driven spike in oil prices, combined with additional increases in the USD fueled by Fed tightening. The potential trigger for that oil spike is largely geopolitical, stemming from the likely loss of oil supply from Iran via U.S. sanctions and Venezuela through economic collapse. The timing of either outcome is difficult to pin down precisely, but sometime in the first quarter of 2019 is our current best guess for when oil prices reach $100/bbl. The key variables to watch will be the U.S. dollar. If it stays stable, then the impacts on global growth and U.S. inflation from the oil spike could be more modest. If the USD surges higher, then the negative impact on non-U.S. growth will eventually spill back into the U.S. economy. The combination of more volatile oil prices and a stronger USD would be a likely trigger for a surge in U.S. bond volatility and wider corporate bond spreads. Eventually, this could move the Fed to pause on its rate hike cycle and, at least temporarily, end the current bond bear market. Robert Robis, CFA, Senior Vice President Global Fixed Income Strategy rrobis@bcaresearch.com Robert P. Ryan, Senior Vice President Commodity & Energy Strategy rryan@bcaresearch.com Hugo Bélanger, Senior Analyst Commodity & Energy Strategy HugoB@bcaresearch.com 1 Our full oil-price forecast is available in the September 20, 2018, issue of BCA Commodity & Energy Strategy, in a report titled "Odds Of Oil-Price Spike In 1H19 Rise; 2019 Brent Forecast Lifted $15 To $95/bbl." It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. We will be updating our oil-price forecast next week. 2 Please see the IMF's World Economic Outlook for October 2018, which can be found here https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/ 3 Backwardation is a term of art in commodity markets used to describe an inverted forward curve - i.e., prompt prices for commodities delivered in the very near future trade higher than prices for commodities delivered further out in time. This is the market's way of signaling supplies are tight; storage holders are being incentivized to release oil in inventory via higher prices for prompt delivery. The opposite of this is referred to as a contango market (prompt prices are lower than deferred prices). Contango markets reflect well-supplied markets, as supply that cannot be immediately used must be stored for later use. In recent research, we were able to extend findings from academic studies that showed a non-linear relationship between oil volatility and the slope of the forward curve - highly backwardated and contango forward curves are accompanied by higher volatility in oil prices, due to the physical constraints on storage in such markets. 4 Principal components analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique used to reduce the most important information contained in a large number of correlated variables into a smaller number of common factors that explains the larger set. 5 Please see BCA U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "Oil Supply Shock Is A Risk For Junk," dated October 9, 2018, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 6 EM trade volumes - particularly imports - are a key variable we use to track EM income levels. The World Bank estimates the income elasticity of trade averaged 1.5% from 2000 - 07, and 1.2% from 2010 - 17, meaning a 1% increase in income has led to a roughly 1.4% growth in trade over this period. Please see "Trade Wars, China Credit Policy Will Roil Global Copper Markets," in the June 21, 2018, issue of BCA Research's Commodity & Energy Strategy. It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 7 10 of the 11 post-WW2 recessions in the U.S. were preceded by an oil-price spike. Since 1970, the combination of an oil-price spike and a Fed rate-hiking cycle resulted in recession. Please see "Oil-Supply Shock, Risking U.S. Rates Favor Gold As A Portfolio Hedge," published by BCA Research's Commodity & Energy Strategy on September 13, 2018. It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 8 Please see the Special Focus in the World Bank's January 2018 Global Economic Prospects entitled "With The Benefit of Hindsight: The Impact of the 2014 - 16 Oil Price Collapse." 9 We discuss this in "Trade Wars, China Credit Policy Will Roil Global Copper Markets," in the June 21, 2018, issue of BCA Research's Commodity & Energy Strategy. It is available at ces.bcaresearch.com. 10 Please see "Global value chains and the increasingly global nature of inflation," by Raphael Auer, Claudio Borio, Andrew Filardo, published online April 28, 2017, by VOX, the CEPR Policy Portal. 11 We average estimates from five different USD regressions using monetary policy variables, commodity prices and momentum indicators. The period covered is the post-GFC (2010 to now). 12 The regression we estimate includes a trend variable, which allows us to separate out the cyclical aspects of trade (i.e., imports) alone. 13 Please see "The globalisation of inflation: the growing importance of global value chains," by Raphael Auer, Claudio Borio and Andrew Filardo, which was published by the Bank For International Settlements in January 2017. 14 We believe this reflects "hidden variables" that simultaneously drive U.S. inflation and EM incomes such as global growth and global money/credit growth. The coefficient range we report - 0.15% to 0.25% - controls for this. For a discussion of "hidden variables," please see Clive Granger's 2003 Nobel Lecture entitled "Time Series Analysis, Cointegration, and Applications." 15 Please see BCA Commodity & Energy Strategy Weekly Report, "Trade, Dollars, Oil & Metals ...Assessing Downside Risk," dated August 23, 2018, available at ces.bcaresearch.com.

Highlights Duration: Our Fed Policy Loop provides a framework for understanding last week's equity market correction and its implications for future Fed policy. So far, the equity sell-off is not severe enough to deter the Fed. Maintain below-benchmark portfolio duration. Credit: With the Fed lifting rates and the market still not priced for the likely pace of hikes, it is highly likely that we will witness further periods where corporate spreads and Treasury yields rise in unison. We recommend steps investors can take to insulate their portfolios from this risk. Inflation: The macroeconomic environment remains highly inflationary. The unemployment rate is very low and wage growth is rising. However, recent trends suggest that the year-over-year growth rate in core CPI will stay close to its current level, near the Fed's target, for the next six months. This will not alter the Fed's "gradual" +25 bps per quarter rate hike pace. Feature Chart 1The Second Rate Shock Of 2018 Last week's equity market rout was the second time this year that stocks reacted negatively to a sharp rise in bond yields (Chart 1). As was the case in February, our Fed Policy Loop remains the appropriate framework for understanding the relationship between bond yields and the stock market (Chart 2).1 It can be explained as follows: Chart 2The Fed Policy Loop Step 1: The perception of easy Fed policy fuels strong performance in the stock market. Rising stock prices and "easing financial conditions" cause economic growth to strengthen and sow the seeds of inflation. Step 2: Equity investors catch a whiff of inflation and start to price-in a more restrictive monetary environment. This leads to a stock market correction. Step 3: Falling stock prices and "tightening financial conditions" cause the Fed to downgrade its economic outlook and adopt a more dovish policy stance. Return To Step 1. The Equity Correction For Bond Investors At this juncture, the important question for bond investors is whether financial conditions have tightened enough to prompt a slower pace of rate hikes from the Fed. If so, then it might be appropriate to buy the dip in the bond market. We think such a move would be premature, for two reasons. First, the increase in bond yields that spooked the equity market was concentrated at the long-end of the curve and was fueled by Fed Chairman Powell's comment that the funds rate is "a long way from neutral." A steeper yield curve offsets some of the financial conditions tightening caused by falling stock prices (Chart 3). This is because it signals that monetary policy is becoming more accommodative - the fed funds rate is further below neutral than previously thought. This intuition is confirmed by the bounce in gold, a move that often coincides with an upward rerating of the neutral fed funds rate.2 Chart 3Steeper Curve Will Reassure The Fed Second, the amount of financial market pain that the Fed can tolerate depends on the economic environment. Our Fed Monitor is an indicator that is designed to signal whether the Fed should be hiking or cutting interest rates (Chart 4). It consists of 44 variables that can be grouped into three categories: Chart 4The BCA Fed Monitor Economic growth indicators (Chart 4, panel 3). Inflation indicators (Chart 4, panel 4). Financial conditions indicators (Chart 4, bottom panel). The overall Fed Monitor is currently deep in positive territory, signaling that rate hikes are appropriate. This is true despite the fact that the financial conditions component of the monitor has been falling (tightening) since the beginning of the year. Last week's equity market drop will not be reflected in the indicator until the end of the month, so further downside in the financial conditions component is forthcoming. But so far, tighter financial conditions have barely made a dent in the overall Fed Monitor because they have been offset by rising economic growth and stronger inflation. The conclusion is that the Fed is able to tolerate more market pain when growth is strong and inflation is high. Viewed through this lens, it is clear that a lot more market pain is required before the Fed backs away from its +25 bps per quarter rate hike pace. In fact, the Fed likely views some tightening of financial conditions as desirable, as long as the tightening doesn't severely impede the economic outlook. Just last week New York Fed President John Williams said: Normalization of the monetary policy, I think, has the added benefit of reducing somewhat, on the margin, some of the risk of imbalances in financial markets.3 While a few weeks ago, Fed Governor Lael Brainard noted: The past few times unemployment fell to levels as low as those projected over the next year, signs of overheating showed up in financial-sector imbalances rather than in accelerating inflation.4 In other words, the Fed is increasingly cognizant of the fact that higher interest rates might be necessary to prevent excessive risk-taking in financial markets, even if inflation stays well contained near target. Unless financial conditions tighten so much that they cause the reading from our Fed Monitor to hook down, the Fed will be inclined to view the market correction as healthy. It is also important to note that while a large increase in long-maturity Treasury yields prompted last week's stock market action, the short-end of the yield curve didn't move much at all. In fact, overnight index swap forwards show that the market is just barely priced for three rate hikes during the next 12 months. According to our golden rule of bond investing, if you expect the Fed to lift rates by more than what is priced in for the next 12 months, you should keep portfolio duration low.5 Bottom Line: Last week's equity market sell-off is not enough to prompt the Fed to back away from its +25 bps per quarter rate hike pace. Investors should maintain below-benchmark portfolio duration. On The Correlation Between Yields And Spreads It wasn't just the stock market that struggled to digest higher Treasury yields last week. Corporate bond spreads also widened, particularly in the high-yield credit tiers (Chart 5). As with equities, this is the second time in 2018 that credit spreads widened sharply alongside higher Treasury yields. Chart 5Credit Also Struggling With Higher Rates Credit spreads and Treasury yields tend to be negatively correlated, a feature that benefits bond investors by reducing the volatility in corporate bond yields and total returns. But, as evidenced by last week's price moves, the correlation does occasionally turn positive. This is particularly damaging during sell-offs when both the rate and spread components of corporate bond yields rise. Chart 6 shows the frequency of negative and positive yield/spread correlations since 1994, using 3-month investment horizons. It shows that yields and spreads were negatively correlated in 64% of 3-month periods. Yields fell alongside tighter spreads in 23% of cases, while yields and spreads rose together only 13% of the time. Chart 6The Correlation Between Yields And Spreads Is Typically Negative Since those periods when both yields and spreads rise in unison are particularly damaging for bond investors, it is worth exploring them in more detail. Table 1 lists all 13 quarters since 1994 when junk spreads and duration-matched Treasury yields rose together. Using the logic of our Fed Policy Loop, we also identify three risk factors that might be associated with those periods. The main idea being that yields and spreads are likely to rise together in periods when the market starts to price-in much more restrictive monetary policy, and an earlier end to the economic recovery. The three risk factors we identify are: Table 1Periods When Both Treasury Yields And Junk Spreads Rose Since 1994 Whether the Fed raised interest rates during the investment horizon. Whether our 12-month Fed Funds Discounter increased during the investment horizon, meaning that the market priced-in a more aggressive near-term rate hike path. Whether the 5-year/5-year forward TIPS breakeven inflation rate rose during the investment horizon. Higher long-dated inflation expectations could cause the Fed to respond with a more restrictive monetary policy. The single most important risk factor is whether the Fed raised rates during the investment horizon. Nine of the 13 episodes coincided with a Fed rate hike, and three of the four episodes that didn't coincide with a rate hike occurred between Q2 2013 and Q4 2015. The fed funds rate was pinned at zero during that period, but the Fed was starting to turn hawkish by backing away from QE and preparing for liftoff. This leaves the second quarter of 2007 as the only true outlier. The Fed did not lift rates during this period, but it is clear that markets were spooked by overly restrictive Fed policy all the same. The 2/10 Treasury slope was only 7 bps at the start of the quarter, signaling that monetary policy was already quite restrictive. Meanwhile, long-dated inflation expectations rose during the quarter and the market went from discounting 60 bps of rate cuts during the next 12 months to only 17 bps. An inflationary shock when monetary policy is already restrictive is an environment where yields and spreads are very likely to rise at the same time. An upward move in our 12-month discounter is also associated with periods of rising yields and spreads in 9 out of 13 cases. This risk factor didn't work in Q4 2005 or Q2 2006, but once again it is quite clear that markets were spooked by overly restrictive monetary policy in those periods. The yield curve was inverted in both of those quarters, and the Fed lifted rates despite an inverted yield curve. That combination sends a clear signal to markets that the Fed is trying to choke off the recovery. The 12-month discounter also failed to send the correct signal in Q3 1999 and Q2 2000. In those cases the culprit appears to be a large jump in long-dated inflation expectations while the Fed was in the midst of a rate hike cycle. Since rate hikes should dampen inflation, rising inflation expectations suggest that rate hikes might need to speed up. Thinking about the current environment, we are very much in the danger zone where yields and spreads could rise at the same time. The Fed is in the midst of a rate hike cycle and the market is still not priced for quarterly rate hikes to continue for the next 12 months. Finally, long-dated TIPS breakeven inflation rates are almost back to the 2.3% to 2.5% range that is consistent with "well-anchored" inflation expectations (Chart 7). The higher long-dated breakevens get, the more likely it is that the Fed will respond forcefully to further increases. Chart 7Almost Re-Anchored With all three of our risk factors present, it is highly likely that we will see more episodes where credit spreads widen and Treasury yields rise. The risk will only dissipate once the full extent of the Fed's rate hike cycle is reflected in the Treasury curve, but we are not there yet. While this is not a great environment for bond investors, there are steps investors can take to limit the damage from periods of rising spreads and yields. First, investors should maintain portfolio duration at below-benchmark. Second, while it is too early in the cycle to completely abandon credit, a more defensive posture is advisable. We recommend only a neutral allocation to spread product, focused on the higher-quality credit tiers.6 To the extent possible, investors should also seek to focus their spread exposure at the long-end of the maturity spectrum, while also limiting overall portfolio duration by favoring the short-end of the Treasury curve.7 Inflation Uptrend On Hold Lost in the shuffle amidst last week's market turmoil, the consumer price index (CPI) for September was released and it delivered a soft month-over-month print for the second month in a row. The top panel of Chart 8 shows that the year-over-year trend in core CPI rose rapidly earlier in the year, but now appears to be leveling off. We do not envision a meaningful deceleration in core CPI, but it seems likely that the year-over-year rate of change will stay near current levels for the next six months. Chart 8Core Inflation & Pipeline Pressures Our Pipeline Inflation Indicator remains consistent with rising inflationary pressures in the economy, but it has softened of late. This is mostly due to weaker commodity prices (Chart 8, bottom panel). Further, our Base Effects Indicator - based on rates of change in the core CPI that have already been realized - is now consistent with a lower year-over-year core CPI growth rate six months from now (Chart 9).8 Chart 9Expect Year-Over-Year Core CPI To Flatten-Off, Or Even Decline Looking at the main components of core CPI, the last two monthly prints have been dragged down by the core goods component, with most of the weakness in apparel and used vehicles (Chart 10). This could reverse in the near-term as core goods prices catch up with import prices, which have been rising for some time. However, non-oil import prices have decelerated recently, on the back of a stronger dollar. In other words, any near-term increase in core goods inflation will probably not last very long. Chart 10Core CPI Components The core services excluding shelter component continues to have the most potential upside, since it is highly geared to rising wage growth. Shelter inflation, the largest component of core CPI, has been flat for some time and our models suggest this will continue to be the case for the next six months. Bottom Line: The macroeconomic environment remains highly inflationary. The unemployment rate is very low and wage growth is rising. However, recent trends suggest that the year-over-year growth rate in core CPI will stay close to its current level, near the Fed's target, for the next six months. This will not alter the Fed's "gradual" +25 bps per quarter rate hike pace. Ryan Swift, Vice President U.S. Bond Strategy rswift@bcaresearch.com 1 Please see BCA U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "On The MOVE", dated February 13, 2018, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 2 Please see BCA U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "A Signal From Gold?" dated May 1, 2018, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 3https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/williams-says-fed-rate-hikes-helping-curb-financial-risk-taking 4https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/brainard20180912a.htm 5 Please see BCA U.S. Bond Strategy Special Report, "The Golden Rule Of Bond Investing," dated July 24, 2018, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 6 Please see BCA U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "Rigidly Defined Areas Of Doubt And Uncertainty," dated June 19, 2018, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 7 Please see BCA U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "Out Of Sync," dated July 3, 2018, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. 8 Please see BCA U.S. Bond Strategy Weekly Report, "The Powell Doctrine Emerges," dated September 4, 2018, available at usbs.bcaresearch.com. Fixed Income Sector Performance Recommended Portfolio Specification

Special Report

As promised in early September, this is the third installment of our four part Indicators series. In this Special Report, we follow a similar script to Part II but instead of sectors, we now cover the S&P 500, non-financial equities, cyclicals/defensives, small/large and growth/value, and document the most important Indicators in the same four broad categories (where applicable): earnings, financial statement reported data, valuations and technicals. Once again this is by no means exhaustive, but contains a plethora of Indicators we deem significant in aiding us in our decision making process of setting/changing a view on the overall market, cyclicals/defensives portfolio bent, and size and style preference. As a reminder, the charts in this Special Report are also available through BCA's Analytics platform for seamless continual updates. Finally, we are still aiming before the end of 2018, to conclude our Indicators series with Part IV that would feature our most sought after Macro Indicators per the eleven GICS1 S&P 500 sectors, along with value/growth, small/large and cyclicals/defensives. We trust you will find this comprehensive Indicator chartbook useful and insightful. Anastasios Avgeriou, Vice President U.S. Equity Strategy anastasios@bcaresearch.com Dulce Cruz, Senior Analyst dulce@bcaresearch.com S&P 500 Chart 1S&P 500: Earnings Indicators Chart 2S&P 500: Earnings Indicators Chart 3S&P 500: ROE And Its Components Chart 4S&P 500: Financial Statement Indicators Chart 5S&P 500: Financial Statement Indicators Chart 6S&P 500: Valuation Indicators Chart 7S&P 500: Technical Indicators Non-Financial Broad Market Chart 8U.S. Non-Financial Broad Market: ROE And Its Components Chart 9U.S. Non-Financial Broad Market: Financial Statement Indicators Chart 10U.S. Non-Financial Broad Market: Financial Statement Indicators Chart 11U.S. Non-Financial Broad Market: Valuation Indicators Chart 12U.S. Non-Financial Broad Market: Technical Indicators S&P Cyclicals Vs. Defensives Chart 13Cyclicals Vs Defensives: Earnings Indicators Chart 14Cyclicals Vs Defensives: Earnings Indicators Chart 15Cyclicals Vs Defensives: ROE And Its Components Chart 16Cyclicals Vs Defensives: Financial Statement Indicators Chart 17Cyclicals Vs Defensives: Financial Statement Indicators Chart 18Cyclicals Vs Defensives: Valuation Indicators Chart 19Cyclicals Vs Defensives: Technical Indicators S&P 600 Vs. S&P 500 Chart 20S&P 600 Vs.S&P 500: Earnings Indicators Chart 21S&P 600 Vs.S&P 500: Earnings Indicators Chart 22S&P 600 Vs.S&P 500: Valuation Indicators Chart 23S&P 600 Vs.S&P 500: Technical Indicators S&P 500 Growth Vs. Value Chart 24S&P 500 Growth Vs.Value: Earnings Indicators Chart 25S&P 500 Growth Vs.Value: Earnings Indicators Chart 26S&P 500 Growth Vs Value: Valuation Indicators Chart 27S&P 500 Growth Vs.Value: Technical Indicators Table 1S&P 500 Growth/S&P 500 Value Sector Comparison Table Table 2S&P 600/S&P 500 Sector Comparison Table